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Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology > Lesson 1 GI Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Lesson 1 GI Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the clinical cues for problems in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus?

A

reluctance to eat/chew properly
unusual breath odors
ptyalism (excessive salivation)
regurgitation with esophageal disease

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2
Q

what is palatoschisis?

A

cleft palate

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3
Q

what is prognathia?

A

law is too long

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4
Q

why are overgrown teeth a problem?

A

impairs eating
wounds
impactions downstream

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5
Q

what can cause enamel hypoplasia?

A

canine distemper virus
intrauterine bovine viral diarrheal virus and fluorosis
tetracycline

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6
Q

what is porphyria?

A

pink teeth: caused by rare defects in heme synthesis

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7
Q

what is a papule/plaque?

A

firm, raised bump due to proliferation of keratinocytes

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8
Q

what is a vesicle/bulla due to?

A

swelling of keratinocytes/rupture

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9
Q

what is an erosion/ulcer?

A

depressed, loss of keratinocytes
partial or total loss of epithelium (ulcer: total)

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10
Q

what viruses can cause papules?

A

pox and papillomaviruses

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11
Q

how does a vesicle occur?

A

disrupt intracellular junctions
lyse epithelial cells

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12
Q

what is a vesicle?

A

split in layers of epithelium
filled with serum, debris, inflammatory cells
if large: bulla

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13
Q

what are the mechanisms for an erosion/ulcer?

A

epithelial injury: trauma, chemical, thermal
ischemia: vascular injury
mixed mechanisms

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14
Q

is bovine papular stomatitis zoonotic?

A

yes

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15
Q

what does bovine papular stomatitis cause histologically?

A

ballooning degeneration
intracytoplasmic inclusions

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16
Q

what bovine viral diseases cause erosions/ulcers?

A

bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease
malignant catarrhal fever
rinderpest: foreign animal disease

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17
Q

when can mucosal disease from bovine viral diarrhea happen?

A

viral mutation of persistently infected cattle
superinfected with cytopathic strain

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18
Q

how can bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease cause immune suppression?

A

lymphoid depletion

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19
Q

who is susceptible to foot and mouth disease?

A

all cloven-hooved animals

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20
Q

how is the mortality of malignant catarrhal fever?

A

frequently fatal disease

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21
Q

how is the morbidity and mortality of foot and mouth disease?

A

very high morbidity
low mortality

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22
Q

who can get vesicular stomatitis?

A

cattle
small ruminants
swine
horses

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23
Q

what disease looks very similar to foot and mouth disease?

A

vesicular stomatitis/rhabdovirus

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24
Q

who is affected by contagious ecthyma (parapoxvirus) (orf, scabby mouth, etc)?

A

sheep and goats

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25
Q

what causes the edema, effusions, hemorrhages, and necrosis in bluetongue/orbivirus?

A

vascular injury from virus infecting endothelium

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26
Q

which vesicular diseases only affect swine?

A

swine vesicular disease
vesicular exanthema of swine
seneca valley virus

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27
Q

what lesions does feline calicivirus cause?

A

ulcers: oral/lingual

28
Q

what is the agent of wooden tongue?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

29
Q

what is the agent of lumpy jaw?

A

Actinomyces bovis

30
Q

what are the histologic lesions in lumpy jaw?

A

pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis and lymphadenitis

31
Q

in whom is thrush/candidiasis most common?

A

birds
foals
pigs

32
Q

what can be seen histologically with thrush/candidiasis?

A

hyperkeeratosis
yeast/pseudohyphae or grey/green pseudomembrane

33
Q

what are the two potential pathogenic mechanisms for uremic ulcers?

A

uremic toxins: endothelial injury (thrombosis/ischemia) and necrosis
increased blood and salivary urea: urease producing bacteria convert to ammonia: direct toxic epithelial injury

34
Q

who primarily gets eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

cats
rarely dogs

35
Q

what is the likely cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?

A

immune-mediated

36
Q

what is gingival hyperplasia/focal fibrous hyperplasia/hyperplastic gingivitis?

A

mostly boxers, fleshy masses around teeth

37
Q

what are some non-invasive or minimally invasive oral cavity neoplasias?

A

papillomas
peripheral odontogenic form

38
Q

what is the most common malignant oral tumor in cats?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

39
Q

what is the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs?

A

oral melanoma

40
Q

do fibrosarcomas usually metastasize?

A

low risk of metastasis

41
Q

what are the sites of narrowing of the esophagus that can lead to choke/impaction?

A

thoracic inlet
heart base
diaphragm

42
Q

why is choke/impaction/foreign body a problem?

A

aspiration pneumonia
pressure necrosis: rupture: pleuritis
rumen tympany (cannot eructate)

43
Q

what are some signs of megaeesophagus?

A

regurgitation after ingestion of solid food
aspiration pneumonia

44
Q

what is stomatitis referring to?

A

the mouth

45
Q

what is cheilitis referring to?

A

lips

46
Q

what is cheiloschisis?

A

cleft lip

47
Q

what are the plant causes of palatoschisis?

A

Veratrum californicum
hemlock
tobacco

48
Q

what is the mechanism of a vesicle?

A

disrupt intercellular junctions
lyse epithelial cells

49
Q

is bovine papular stomatitis self-limiting?

A

yes

50
Q

what is the morbidity like of mucosal disease and malignant catarrhal fever in cattle?

A

low morbidity

51
Q

what does malignant catarrhal fever infection cause?

A

erosions/ulcers in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts
widespread vasculitis
enlarged lymph nodes (lymphocyte proliferation)
corneal edema (blue eye)

52
Q

what does vesicular stomatitis look like clinically?

A

foot and mouth disease
but can infect horses

53
Q

what does canine oral papillomavirus cause?

A

papuless, cauliflower-like
young dogs
usually regress

54
Q

what is thrush/candidiasis associated with?

A

immunosuppression or antibiotic/steroid use

55
Q

what are the related entities to eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

indolent ulcer
eosinophilic granulomas
eosinophilic plaque

56
Q

what are some non-invasive or minimally invasive oral masses?

A

papillomas
peripheral odontogenic fibroma

57
Q

does oral melanoma metastasize?

A

yes: high risk

58
Q

does odontogenic neoplasias metastasize?

A

no

59
Q

what is the ranula?

A

saliva-filled, fluctuant structure under tongue

60
Q

what is the agent of parasitic esophagitis?

A

Spirocerca lupi

61
Q

what is a differential diagnosis for eosinophilic granulomas?

A

neoplasia

62
Q

what is the likely cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?

A

immune-mediated

63
Q

what are the most common forms of odontogenic neoplasia in dogs?

A

peripheral odontogenic fibroma: fibromatous epulis
acanthomatous ameloblastoma: acanthomatouss epulis

64
Q

what does peripheral odontogenic fibroma arise from?

A

periodontal ligament stroma

65
Q

what can granulomatous esophagitis progress to?

A

neoplasia: fibrosarcomas or osteosarcomas

Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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