Lesson 1 GI Pathophysiology Flashcards
what are the clinical cues for problems in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus?
reluctance to eat/chew properly
unusual breath odors
ptyalism (excessive salivation)
regurgitation with esophageal disease
what is palatoschisis?
cleft palate
what is prognathia?
law is too long
why are overgrown teeth a problem?
impairs eating
wounds
impactions downstream
what can cause enamel hypoplasia?
canine distemper virus
intrauterine bovine viral diarrheal virus and fluorosis
tetracycline
what is porphyria?
pink teeth: caused by rare defects in heme synthesis
what is a papule/plaque?
firm, raised bump due to proliferation of keratinocytes
what is a vesicle/bulla due to?
swelling of keratinocytes/rupture
what is an erosion/ulcer?
depressed, loss of keratinocytes
partial or total loss of epithelium (ulcer: total)
what viruses can cause papules?
pox and papillomaviruses
how does a vesicle occur?
disrupt intracellular junctions
lyse epithelial cells
what is a vesicle?
split in layers of epithelium
filled with serum, debris, inflammatory cells
if large: bulla
what are the mechanisms for an erosion/ulcer?
epithelial injury: trauma, chemical, thermal
ischemia: vascular injury
mixed mechanisms
is bovine papular stomatitis zoonotic?
yes
what does bovine papular stomatitis cause histologically?
ballooning degeneration
intracytoplasmic inclusions
what bovine viral diseases cause erosions/ulcers?
bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease
malignant catarrhal fever
rinderpest: foreign animal disease
when can mucosal disease from bovine viral diarrhea happen?
viral mutation of persistently infected cattle
superinfected with cytopathic strain
how can bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease cause immune suppression?
lymphoid depletion
who is susceptible to foot and mouth disease?
all cloven-hooved animals
how is the mortality of malignant catarrhal fever?
frequently fatal disease
how is the morbidity and mortality of foot and mouth disease?
very high morbidity
low mortality
who can get vesicular stomatitis?
cattle
small ruminants
swine
horses
what disease looks very similar to foot and mouth disease?
vesicular stomatitis/rhabdovirus
who is affected by contagious ecthyma (parapoxvirus) (orf, scabby mouth, etc)?
sheep and goats
what causes the edema, effusions, hemorrhages, and necrosis in bluetongue/orbivirus?
vascular injury from virus infecting endothelium
which vesicular diseases only affect swine?
swine vesicular disease
vesicular exanthema of swine
seneca valley virus
what lesions does feline calicivirus cause?
ulcers: oral/lingual
what is the agent of wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
what is the agent of lumpy jaw?
Actinomyces bovis
what are the histologic lesions in lumpy jaw?
pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis and lymphadenitis
in whom is thrush/candidiasis most common?
birds
foals
pigs
what can be seen histologically with thrush/candidiasis?
hyperkeeratosis
yeast/pseudohyphae or grey/green pseudomembrane
what are the two potential pathogenic mechanisms for uremic ulcers?
uremic toxins: endothelial injury (thrombosis/ischemia) and necrosis
increased blood and salivary urea: urease producing bacteria convert to ammonia: direct toxic epithelial injury
who primarily gets eosinophilic granuloma complex?
cats
rarely dogs
what is the likely cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?
immune-mediated
what is gingival hyperplasia/focal fibrous hyperplasia/hyperplastic gingivitis?
mostly boxers, fleshy masses around teeth
what are some non-invasive or minimally invasive oral cavity neoplasias?
papillomas
peripheral odontogenic form
what is the most common malignant oral tumor in cats?
squamous cell carcinoma
what is the most common malignant oral tumor in dogs?
oral melanoma
do fibrosarcomas usually metastasize?
low risk of metastasis
what are the sites of narrowing of the esophagus that can lead to choke/impaction?
thoracic inlet
heart base
diaphragm
why is choke/impaction/foreign body a problem?
aspiration pneumonia
pressure necrosis: rupture: pleuritis
rumen tympany (cannot eructate)
what are some signs of megaeesophagus?
regurgitation after ingestion of solid food
aspiration pneumonia
what is stomatitis referring to?
the mouth
what is cheilitis referring to?
lips
what is cheiloschisis?
cleft lip
what are the plant causes of palatoschisis?
Veratrum californicum
hemlock
tobacco
what is the mechanism of a vesicle?
disrupt intercellular junctions
lyse epithelial cells
is bovine papular stomatitis self-limiting?
yes
what is the morbidity like of mucosal disease and malignant catarrhal fever in cattle?
low morbidity
what does malignant catarrhal fever infection cause?
erosions/ulcers in gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts
widespread vasculitis
enlarged lymph nodes (lymphocyte proliferation)
corneal edema (blue eye)
what does vesicular stomatitis look like clinically?
foot and mouth disease
but can infect horses
what does canine oral papillomavirus cause?
papuless, cauliflower-like
young dogs
usually regress
what is thrush/candidiasis associated with?
immunosuppression or antibiotic/steroid use
what are the related entities to eosinophilic granuloma complex?
indolent ulcer
eosinophilic granulomas
eosinophilic plaque
what are some non-invasive or minimally invasive oral masses?
papillomas
peripheral odontogenic fibroma
does oral melanoma metastasize?
yes: high risk
does odontogenic neoplasias metastasize?
no
what is the ranula?
saliva-filled, fluctuant structure under tongue
what is the agent of parasitic esophagitis?
Spirocerca lupi
what is a differential diagnosis for eosinophilic granulomas?
neoplasia
what is the likely cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?
immune-mediated
what are the most common forms of odontogenic neoplasia in dogs?
peripheral odontogenic fibroma: fibromatous epulis
acanthomatous ameloblastoma: acanthomatouss epulis
what does peripheral odontogenic fibroma arise from?
periodontal ligament stroma
what can granulomatous esophagitis progress to?
neoplasia: fibrosarcomas or osteosarcomas
