Intestinal Diseases of Unknown Origin and Biopsies Flashcards
what are some causes of acute self-limiting diarrhea?
rapid diet change
dietary intolerance/hypersensitivity
food poisoning
hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
infectious diseases
what are biopsies most useful for?
masses/infiltrative disease
pattern of inflammation
chronic disease after workup
what are the pros of doing an endoscopic biopsy?
less invasive/fewer complications
can see mucosa
can take many samples
why can hypermotility cause diarrhea?
increased longitudinal contractions: insufficient contact time and decreased time to absorb
why can hypomotility cause diarrhea?
bacterial overgrowth from decreased flow leads to production of secretagogues and osmotic diarrhea
what are the clinical features of hemorrhagic enteritis (used to be gastroenteritis)?
acute hemorrhagic, malodorous diarrhea
often starts with vomiting
marked hemoconcentration, never anemic
variable total solids
who is primarily impacted by acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome?
young, small/toy breeds
what is intestinal lymphangiectasia?
dilation and dysfunction of intestinal lymphatics: loss of protein into intestinal lumen
what are most cases of intestinal lymphangiectasia?
idiopathic
what are the clinical signs of intestinal lymphangiectasia due to?
enteric loss of lymph and protein
what are the signs of protein losing enteropathy caused by?
excessive loss of albumin
globulins also low
what diseases can cause protein losing enteropathy in small animals?
any disease that disrupts intestinal wall function
lymphangiectasia
idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
neoplasia
infectious enterocolitis
what is histiocytic ulcerative colitis/boxer colitis characterized by?
thickened ulcerated colonic mucosa
what is histology like of histiocytic ulcerative colitis/boxer colitis?
loss of colonic glands
mucosal erosion
presence of PAS+ macrophages in deep mucosa, submucosa, maybe through muscular wall
what are the two types of GI lymphoma?
feline enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma type I: large lymphocytes
felinee enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma type II: small T lymphocytes
what cells are predominant in large granular lymphoma?
cytotoxic T cells or natural killer cells
what are most cases of megacolon from?
idiopathic
what is equine duodenitis-proximal jejunitis?
inflammation of duodenum and proximal jejunum
what are some infectious causes of acute self-limiting diarrhea?
parvovirus
giardia
tritrichomonas
salmonella
campylobacter
hookworms
whipworms
what are the cons of endoscopic sampling?
small and superficial
handling artifacts
orientation often poor
cannot reach all part of GI
what are some causes of chronic diarrhea with a normal intestinal biopsy?
antibiotic-responsive diarrhea/small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
dietary indiscretion
food intolerance
irritable bowel syndrome
toxigenic/secretory diarrhea
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
diarrhea due to systemic illness
what is a useful marker for gastrointestinal protein loss?
alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in feces
who gets histiocytic ulcerative colitis?
young boxers and french bulldogs
what characterizes histiocytic ulcerative colitis?
thickened ulcerated colonic mucosa
what are ultrasonographic and gross changes like with IBD?
minimal
what type of lymphoma is epitheliotropism seen with?
feline enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma type II: small T cells
what is the presentation of equine duodenitis-proximal jejunitis?
abdominal pain
elevated heart and respiratory rates
ileus and small intestinal distension
decreased or absent intestinal motility
large volume gastric reflux
what are the types of equine inflammatory bowel disease?
lymphocytic/plasmacytic, granulomatous, MEEDS: poor prognosis
idiopathic focal eosinophilic enterocolitis
