Hepatic Lipidosis in Large Animals Flashcards
what are lipoproteins composed of?
hydrophobic lipid core
polar shell
lipoproteins with the highest triglyceride content (chylomicrons) are the _________ dense
least
what synthesizes and secretes very low density lipoproteins?
liver
what is the rate of very low density lipoprotein secretion proportional to?
availability of components
rate of transfer of trigylceride from storage pool
microsomal trigylceride transfer protein abundance and activity
what is the utilization of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride proportional to?
rate at which VLDL loses triglycerides
rate of VLDL triglyceride hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase or hepatic lipase
rate of removal of LDL remnants from circulation
what predisposes cows to hepatic lipidosis?
high-production cows
voluntary reduction in feed intake
obesity
+/- subclinical liver damage
what in the liver can predispose cows in general to hepatic lipidosis?
lack of phospholipid
low protein diet in dry period
low apoB-100 concentrations
what do ponies have a high rate of production of?
non-esterified fatty acids
what are the ketone levels like in camelids?
lower: higher than horses, lower than ruminants
can lipemia and hepatic lipidosis be induced by feed restriction alone in camelids?
yes
what is in the polar shell of lipoproteins?
free cholesterol
phospholipids
apolipoproteins
what do apolipoproteins do?
structural component of lipoprotein
functional roles: enzyme cofactors, receptor ligands
what do very low density lipoproteins do?
transport lipids from liver to peripheral tissues
what leads to poor hepatic export of trigylcerides in bovines?
lack of phospholipid or precursor choline
low protein diet in dry period
low apoB-100 concentrations: early lactation cows
what is high in bovine hepatic lipidosis?
ketones
non-esterified fatty acids in blood
GGT
which species has low triglycerides with hepatic lipidosis?
bovine
why do ponies have a high rate of non-esterified fatty acid production?
norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis high in adipocytes of ponies
lower levels of adenosine: anti-lipolytic nucleoside
do we measure ketones in ponies?
no- not good ketone producers
why don’t camelids clear triglycerides well?
peripheral insulin resistance
what is pregnancy toxemia in camelids triggered by?
catabolism (negative energy balance)
what is the treatment for hepatic lipidosis?
eliminate negative energy balance
treat underlying cause
supplemental feeding
exogenous insulin treatment of hyperlipidemic patients
what are the types of lipoproteins, from least dense to most?
chylomicrons
very low density lipoprotein
intermediate density lipoprotein
low density lipoprotein
what are triglycerides largely removed by?
lipoprotein lipase on capillary endothelial cells
LDL provide ______________ to tissues
cholesterol
what is responsible for stabilizing apolipoproteinB?
microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
what predisposes ponies to hepatic lipidosis?
high rate of non-esterified fatty acids
enhanced VLDL secretion
slow lipoprotein clearance
what metabolic disturbances are seen in camelids with hepatic lipidosis?
hyperlipemia
acidosis: ketosis
hyperglycemia
hypovolemia, azotemia
