Hepatic Lipidosis in Large Animals

Question 1

what are lipoproteins composed of?

Answer 1

hydrophobic lipid core
polar shell

Question 2

lipoproteins with the highest triglyceride content (chylomicrons) are the _________ dense

Answer 2

least

Question 3

what synthesizes and secretes very low density lipoproteins?

Answer 3

liver

Question 4

what is the rate of very low density lipoprotein secretion proportional to?

Answer 4

availability of components
rate of transfer of trigylceride from storage pool
microsomal trigylceride transfer protein abundance and activity

Question 5

what is the utilization of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride proportional to?

Answer 5

rate at which VLDL loses triglycerides
rate of VLDL triglyceride hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase or hepatic lipase
rate of removal of LDL remnants from circulation

Question 6

what predisposes cows to hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 6

high-production cows
voluntary reduction in feed intake
obesity
+/- subclinical liver damage

Question 7

what in the liver can predispose cows in general to hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 7

lack of phospholipid
low protein diet in dry period
low apoB-100 concentrations

Question 8

what do ponies have a high rate of production of?

Answer 8

non-esterified fatty acids

Question 9

what are the ketone levels like in camelids?

Answer 9

lower: higher than horses, lower than ruminants

Question 10

can lipemia and hepatic lipidosis be induced by feed restriction alone in camelids?

Answer 10

yes

Question 11

what is in the polar shell of lipoproteins?

Answer 11

free cholesterol
phospholipids
apolipoproteins

Question 12

what do apolipoproteins do?

Answer 12

structural component of lipoprotein
functional roles: enzyme cofactors, receptor ligands

Question 13

what do very low density lipoproteins do?

Answer 13

transport lipids from liver to peripheral tissues

Question 14

what leads to poor hepatic export of trigylcerides in bovines?

Answer 14

lack of phospholipid or precursor choline
low protein diet in dry period
low apoB-100 concentrations: early lactation cows

Question 15

what is high in bovine hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 15

ketones
non-esterified fatty acids in blood
GGT

Question 16

which species has low triglycerides with hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 16

bovine

Question 17

why do ponies have a high rate of non-esterified fatty acid production?

Answer 17

norepinephrine-stimulated lipolysis high in adipocytes of ponies
lower levels of adenosine: anti-lipolytic nucleoside

Question 18

do we measure ketones in ponies?

Answer 18

no- not good ketone producers

Question 19

why don’t camelids clear triglycerides well?

Answer 19

peripheral insulin resistance

Question 20

what is pregnancy toxemia in camelids triggered by?

Answer 20

catabolism (negative energy balance)

Question 21

what is the treatment for hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 21

eliminate negative energy balance
treat underlying cause
supplemental feeding
exogenous insulin treatment of hyperlipidemic patients

Question 22

what are the types of lipoproteins, from least dense to most?

Answer 22

chylomicrons
very low density lipoprotein
intermediate density lipoprotein
low density lipoprotein

Question 23

what are triglycerides largely removed by?

Answer 23

lipoprotein lipase on capillary endothelial cells

Question 24

LDL provide ______________ to tissues

Answer 24

cholesterol

Question 25

what is responsible for stabilizing apolipoproteinB?

Answer 25

microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

Question 26

what predisposes ponies to hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 26

high rate of non-esterified fatty acids
enhanced VLDL secretion
slow lipoprotein clearance

Question 27

what metabolic disturbances are seen in camelids with hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 27

hyperlipemia
acidosis: ketosis
hyperglycemia
hypovolemia, azotemia