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Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology > Infectious Diseases of the Intestines > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases of the Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the digestion at the brush border in the small intestine?

A

carbohydrases
peptidases

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2
Q

how do intestinal viruses cause disease?

A

infect certain cells and blow them up

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3
Q

what are the main viruses that impact the intestinal tract?

A

rotaviruses
coronaviruses
parvoviruses

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4
Q

what does loss of the mucosal barrier lead to?

A

toxemia/sepsis

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5
Q

what are the possible locations of gastrointestinal tract lesions?

A

damage to villi: enterocyte injury
crypt injury
altered microvilli
injury to lamina propria, submucosa, and deeper

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6
Q

what are the types of gastrointestinal tract lesions?

A

inflammation
proliferative
necrotizing processes
functional alterations
lymphangiectasia
disorders of innervation

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7
Q

what does parvovirus damage?

A

crypt epithelium

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8
Q

what does Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis cause?

A

johne’s disease: thickened ileum due to granulomatous inflammation
macrophages expand lamina propria and submucosa

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9
Q

what do rotaviruses cause histologically?

A

shortening and fusion of villi: jejunum and ileum

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10
Q

which coronoviruses do pigs get?

A

transmissible gastroenteritis virus
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

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11
Q

parvovirus requires the host cells to be in _____________________

A

mitotic division

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12
Q

what does bovine viral diarrhea virus cause histologically?

A

ulcers throughout gastrointestinal tract: over peyers patches
lymphoid depletion

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13
Q

does enterotoxigenic E. coli cause lesions?

A

no

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14
Q

who does enterotoxigenic E. coli affect?

A

neonates: piglets and calves

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15
Q

where does shiga toxin producing E. coli impact?

A

spiral colon mesentery
gastric submucosa
eyelids
brain (neurological signs)

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16
Q

who does shiga toxin producing E. coli affect?

A

post-weaning swine: 6-14 weeks

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17
Q

what does Clostridium perfringens cause?

A

necrohemorrhagic enteritis in all species

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18
Q

what toxin does Clostridium perfringens type D secrete?

A

epsilon toxin: damage to epithelial cells

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19
Q

which animals are usually affected by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis?

A

ruminants older than 2 years

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20
Q

where are lesions from Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis?

A

ileum
cecum
proximal colon
ileocecal valve

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21
Q

where do Brachyspira hyodysentereriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli impact?

A

cecum
colon

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22
Q

which cells does Lawsonia intracellularis have an affinity for?

A

crypt cells

23
Q

which species are affected by Lawsonia intracellularis?

A

pig
horse
hamster
rabbit
ferret

24
Q

what are some fungal, fungal-life, and algal diseases of the intestine?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum
pythiosis: Pythium insidiosum
prototheca

25
Q

where does Pythium insidiosum impact in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

stomach
small intestine
large intestine

26
Q

what are some protozoal diseases of the intestines?

A

Eimeria/Isospora (coccidiosis)
Cryptosporidium sp

27
Q

what are the gross lesions in severe coccidiosis?

A

hemorrhagic and necrotic, except in sheep and goats

28
Q

what are lesions like in sheep/goats with coccidiosis?

A

nodular, proliferative (hypertrophic crypt-villus units)

29
Q

where does Cryptosporidiosis live?

A

within brush border
small intestine more than large intestine

30
Q

what are ascarids?

A

large worms in small intestine

31
Q

where do hookworms inhabit?

A

small intestine

32
Q

where do whipworms inhabit?

A

cecum
+/- colon

33
Q

where do small strongyles in horses inhabit?

A

cecum
colon

34
Q

how does digestion in the lumen of the small intestine occur (as apposed to the brush border)?

A

pancreatic enzymes
bile

35
Q

what is typhlitis?

A

inflammation of cecum

36
Q

what kills animals with enteritis/colitis/typhlitis/proctitis?

A

dehydration
loss of mucosal barrier: toxemia/sepsis

37
Q

what is proctitis?

A

inflammation of the rectum

38
Q

why is diarrhea more life-threatening for young animals?

A

slower turnover: losing fluids longer

39
Q

how do infectious diarrheas cause diarrhea?

A

some get into cells
others make exotoxins
others make secretory toxins

40
Q

are bacteria more important in large or small animals?

A

large animals

41
Q

what does damage to crypt epithelium lead to?

A

more severe maldigestion/malabsorption +/- exudation of blood, serum, inflammatory cells
diarrhea

42
Q

what do rotaviruses produce?

A

secretory toxin: NSP4

43
Q

do rotaviruses have high or low mortality?

A

low mortality

44
Q

where do coronaviruses attack?

A

villi
jejunum, ileum, colon

45
Q

what does shiga toxin producing E. coli cause?

A

edema disease: post-weaning pigs

46
Q

does enterotoxigenic E. coli cause lesions?

A

no

47
Q

is diarrhea or significant mucosal disease typical with shiga toxin producing E. coli?

A

no

48
Q

what cells do Salmonella sp survive inside?

A

enterocytes
M cells
macrophages

49
Q

what does acute salmonellosis look like in the intestines?

A

fibronecrotizing and hemorrhagic enteritis

50
Q

what does chronic salmonellosis look like in the intestines?

A

button ulcers

51
Q

how do Clostridium perfringes and C. difficile cause disease?

A

produce toxins: kill everything they encounter (epithelial cells, vasculature)

52
Q

where do Eimeria and Isospora (coccidia) impact?

A

small intestine
large intestine in cattle

53
Q

what are severe lesions like of coccidiosis?

A

hemorrhagic and necrotic
sheep/goats different

Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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