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Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology > Diseases of the Forestomach, Abomasum, and Stomach > Flashcards

Diseases of the Forestomach, Abomasum, and Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

what provides a mechanism for preventing colonization by and multiplication of pathogens in the forestomach?

A

rich microflora
alkaline pH

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2
Q

what can nails and wires as foreign bodies result in?

A

perforation of reticulum, peritonitis, and/or pericarditis

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3
Q

why is eating used batteries and paints a problem?

A

lead poisoning

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4
Q

who are trichobezoars (hair balls) common in?

A

goats
bucket-fed calves

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5
Q

what is primary tympany (bloat) from?

A

frothy bloat: diet

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6
Q

why is ruminal bloat a problem?

A

compression of thorax: cardiorespiratory compromise

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7
Q

when does primary/frothy bloat typically occur?

A

with a new diet: alfalfa, clover
too much protein

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8
Q

what can cause secondary tympany?

A

obstruction by foreign body/tumors
damage to vagus nerve: abnormal motility
physical damage/compression

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9
Q

what is thee only reliable indicator of antimortem bloat?

A

bloat line: sharp line, congestion cranial to

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10
Q

what does a grain overload cause?

A

fermentation of excess cardbohydrates: pH drops, protozoa die
Lactobacillus and Streptococcus do well: D-lactate leads to influx of water and rumen atony

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11
Q

what are the consequences of grain overload?

A

dehydration
lactic acidosis
rumenitis (mucosal damage)

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12
Q

what does acidosis in the rumen lead to?

A

mucosal injury
invasion of resident flora: can be transported to liver and lungs

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13
Q

what happens in mycotic rumenitis?

A

fungi invade vessels, leading to thrombosis and areas of infarction

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14
Q

what is inflammation of the abomasum?

A

abomasitis

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15
Q

what parasites can cause abomasitis?

A

Hemonchus conortus: sheep
Ostertagia: cattle and small ruminants

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16
Q

what do Haemonchus species do?

A

voracious blood suckers: anemia and hypoproteinemia

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17
Q

what does oastergagiasis result in?

A

impaired digestion: failure to thrive, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea

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18
Q

how common are neoplasms of the forestomach?

A

rare

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19
Q

what epithelial tumors can occur in the forestomach?

A

reticulorumen papilloma
rumen squamous cell carcinoma (from mouth to rumen)

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20
Q

what are the three parts of the monogastric stomach?

A

cardia
fundus
pyloric region

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21
Q

what lines the cardia of the monogastric stomach?

A

squamous epithelium

22
Q

what do gastric mucus cells secrete?

A

bicarbonate and mucus: buffers gastric acid

23
Q

what is gastric dilation and volvulus associated with?

A

exercise after large meals/water
aerophagia

24
Q

does dilation or volvulus come first in gastric dilation and volvulus?

A

no one knows which comes first: multifactorial

25
Q

what is primary gastric dilation and rupture in horses due to?

A

overconsumption of grain or cold water

26
Q

what is secondary gastric dilation and rupture in horses due to?

A

obstruction of small bowel or colic with ileus

27
Q

what are gastroduodenal ulcerations due to?

A

increased acid secretion and/or loss of mucosal integrity

28
Q

what is an erosion?

A

partial loss of mucosa

29
Q

what can cause gastric ulcers in small animals?

A

local disturbances or trauma to mucosal epithelial barrier
elevated acid secretion

30
Q

where are gastric ulcers most common in pigs?

A

pars esophagea: squamous part

31
Q

what is often the outcome of gastric ulcers in pigs?

A

fatal: perforation, hemoabdomen, acute death common

32
Q

where can gastric ulcers occur in horses?

A

margo plicatus (squamous part)
pars glandularis: less common

33
Q

what is a ulcer in the margo plicatus in foals associated with?

A

gastric reflux

34
Q

what parasite is a common finding in the stomach of horses?

A

Gasterophilus bots

35
Q

when is uremic gastritis seen?

A

mostly in dogs with severe renal disease
infrequently cats and horses

36
Q

what is the most common gastric tumor in dogs?

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

37
Q

what is the most common gastric tumor in horses?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

38
Q

what is the most common gastric neoplasm in cats?

A

lymphoma

39
Q

when is lymphoma in the forestomach common in cattle?

A

with bovine leukemia virus
also in heart, epidural space, retrobulbar

40
Q

who are gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcomas common in?

A

dogs and horses
more in small intestine

41
Q

what are leiomyosarcomas?

A

smooth muscle fibers

42
Q

are metastases common with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcomas?

A

no

43
Q

what are phytobezoars from?

A

excess of indigestible roughage

44
Q

how does primary bloat occur?

A

bubbles block the cardia and prevent eructation

45
Q

what can damage the vagus nerve and cause bloat?

A

inflammation: pharyngitis, mediastinitis, pleuritis, peritonitis

46
Q

what are the common fungi in mycotis rumenitis?

A

Mucor
Absidia
Rhizopus
Aspergillus

47
Q

what bacteria can cause abomasitis?

A

Clostridium septicum: Braxy disease

48
Q

which Haemonchus spp infect sheep and cattle?

A

sheep: H. contortus
cattle: H. placei

49
Q

what does prostaglandin E2 do?

A

stimulates mucus secretion
inhibits acid secretion
regulates blood flow

50
Q

which pigs usually get gastric ulcers?

A

penned, fed finely ground feed

51
Q

what are the lesions like with uremic gastritis?

A

mucosal hyperemia, erosions, hemorrhage
thickened wall due to edema and deposition of calcium
vasculitis: uremia-induced endothelial damage

Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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