Diseases of the Forestomach, Abomasum, and Stomach Flashcards
what provides a mechanism for preventing colonization by and multiplication of pathogens in the forestomach?
rich microflora
alkaline pH
what can nails and wires as foreign bodies result in?
perforation of reticulum, peritonitis, and/or pericarditis
why is eating used batteries and paints a problem?
lead poisoning
who are trichobezoars (hair balls) common in?
goats
bucket-fed calves
what is primary tympany (bloat) from?
frothy bloat: diet
why is ruminal bloat a problem?
compression of thorax: cardiorespiratory compromise
when does primary/frothy bloat typically occur?
with a new diet: alfalfa, clover
too much protein
what can cause secondary tympany?
obstruction by foreign body/tumors
damage to vagus nerve: abnormal motility
physical damage/compression
what is thee only reliable indicator of antimortem bloat?
bloat line: sharp line, congestion cranial to
what does a grain overload cause?
fermentation of excess cardbohydrates: pH drops, protozoa die
Lactobacillus and Streptococcus do well: D-lactate leads to influx of water and rumen atony
what are the consequences of grain overload?
dehydration
lactic acidosis
rumenitis (mucosal damage)
what does acidosis in the rumen lead to?
mucosal injury
invasion of resident flora: can be transported to liver and lungs
what happens in mycotic rumenitis?
fungi invade vessels, leading to thrombosis and areas of infarction
what is inflammation of the abomasum?
abomasitis
what parasites can cause abomasitis?
Hemonchus conortus: sheep
Ostertagia: cattle and small ruminants
what do Haemonchus species do?
voracious blood suckers: anemia and hypoproteinemia
what does oastergagiasis result in?
impaired digestion: failure to thrive, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea
how common are neoplasms of the forestomach?
rare
what epithelial tumors can occur in the forestomach?
reticulorumen papilloma
rumen squamous cell carcinoma (from mouth to rumen)
what are the three parts of the monogastric stomach?
cardia
fundus
pyloric region
what lines the cardia of the monogastric stomach?
squamous epithelium
what do gastric mucus cells secrete?
bicarbonate and mucus: buffers gastric acid
what is gastric dilation and volvulus associated with?
exercise after large meals/water
aerophagia
does dilation or volvulus come first in gastric dilation and volvulus?
no one knows which comes first: multifactorial
what is primary gastric dilation and rupture in horses due to?
overconsumption of grain or cold water
what is secondary gastric dilation and rupture in horses due to?
obstruction of small bowel or colic with ileus
what are gastroduodenal ulcerations due to?
increased acid secretion and/or loss of mucosal integrity
what is an erosion?
partial loss of mucosa
what can cause gastric ulcers in small animals?
local disturbances or trauma to mucosal epithelial barrier
elevated acid secretion
where are gastric ulcers most common in pigs?
pars esophagea: squamous part
what is often the outcome of gastric ulcers in pigs?
fatal: perforation, hemoabdomen, acute death common
where can gastric ulcers occur in horses?
margo plicatus (squamous part)
pars glandularis: less common
what is a ulcer in the margo plicatus in foals associated with?
gastric reflux
what parasite is a common finding in the stomach of horses?
Gasterophilus bots
when is uremic gastritis seen?
mostly in dogs with severe renal disease
infrequently cats and horses
what is the most common gastric tumor in dogs?
gastric adenocarcinoma
what is the most common gastric tumor in horses?
squamous cell carcinoma
what is the most common gastric neoplasm in cats?
lymphoma
when is lymphoma in the forestomach common in cattle?
with bovine leukemia virus
also in heart, epidural space, retrobulbar
who are gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcomas common in?
dogs and horses
more in small intestine
what are leiomyosarcomas?
smooth muscle fibers
are metastases common with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyosarcomas?
no
what are phytobezoars from?
excess of indigestible roughage
how does primary bloat occur?
bubbles block the cardia and prevent eructation
what can damage the vagus nerve and cause bloat?
inflammation: pharyngitis, mediastinitis, pleuritis, peritonitis
what are the common fungi in mycotis rumenitis?
Mucor
Absidia
Rhizopus
Aspergillus
what bacteria can cause abomasitis?
Clostridium septicum: Braxy disease
which Haemonchus spp infect sheep and cattle?
sheep: H. contortus
cattle: H. placei
what does prostaglandin E2 do?
stimulates mucus secretion
inhibits acid secretion
regulates blood flow
which pigs usually get gastric ulcers?
penned, fed finely ground feed
what are the lesions like with uremic gastritis?
mucosal hyperemia, erosions, hemorrhage
thickened wall due to edema and deposition of calcium
vasculitis: uremia-induced endothelial damage
