General Concepts in Intestinal Disease

Question 1

where is water secreted?

Answer 1

small intestine

Question 2

where is the microbiome important?

Answer 2

large intestine

Question 3

in which species does the microbiome in the large intestine play a major role?

Answer 3

horses
rodents
rabbits

Question 4

what do goblet cells do?

Answer 4

produce and secrete components of mucus

Question 5

what are most of the crypt epithelial cells?

Answer 5

multipotent stem cells

Question 6

microvilli are coated by a ________________, a matrix of oligosaccharides, along with (secreted) digestive enzymes

Answer 6

glycocalyx

Question 7

where are paneth cells?

Answer 7

inhabit base of crypts in some species: primates, horses, rodents

Question 8

what are some functions of paneth cells?

Answer 8

secretory and phagocytic
produce antimicrobials: lysozyme and defensins
protective niche around stem cells

Question 9

what type of cells are interstial cells of cajal?

Answer 9

mesenchymal cells

Question 10

what do the interstitial cells of cajal do?

Answer 10

regulate gut motility

Question 11

what are microfold (M) cells involved in?

Answer 11

uptake of antigens from intestinal lumen: transfer them to underlying lymphoid tissue

Question 12

for which pathogens are microfold (M) cells portals of entry?

Answer 12

salmonella
shigella
rhodococcus
yersinia
bovine viral diarrhea virus

Question 13

what can disruption of the microbiome lead to?

Answer 13

intestinal dysbiosis: diarrhea, abdominal pain/colitis, systemic disease

Question 14

what can Clostridial overgrowth and toxin production lead to?

Answer 14

ulcerative and necrohemorrhagic colitis

Question 15

what are the mechanisms of intestinal diseases?

Answer 15

inflammation
necrotizing processes
lymphangiectasia: disorders of fluid drainage
disorders of innervation
diarrhea

Question 16

what are some targets of infectious agents in the small intestine?

Answer 16

absorptive enterocytes
crypt cells
microvilli and glycocalyx

Question 17

what are the clinical manifestations of intestinal disease?

Answer 17

vomiting
diarrhea
acute abdomen/colic
protein-losing enteropathy

Question 18

what are the inputs to the vomiting center?

Answer 18

chemoreceptor trigger zone
gastrointestinal tract peripheral sensory receptors
vestibular centers
cerebral cortex

Question 19

what is dysphagia?

Answer 19

oropharyngeal disease: defective swallowing

Question 20

what are the mechanisms for diarrhea?

Answer 20

osmotic/malabsorption/maldigestion
secretory
inflammatory/exudative
abnormal motility

Question 21

what does secretion of water follow?

Answer 21

chloride

Question 22

what does absorption of water (and many solutes) follow?

Answer 22

sodium

Question 23

what can lead to secretory diarrhea?

Answer 23

altered ion transport
bacterial enterotoxins
endogenous secretogogues

Question 24

where is water absorbed?

Answer 24

small intestine
large intestine

Question 25

how often do crypt epithelial cells divide?

Answer 25

every 24 hours

Question 26

how are goblet cells spread out from the duodenum to the rectum?

Answer 26

increases from duodenum to rectum

Question 27

what are crypt epithelial cells important for?

Answer 27

give rise to absorptive and secretory cells
secrete chloride

Question 28

what do enterochromaffin cells produce?

Answer 28

gastrointestinal hormones and peptides such as gastrin, gastric inhibitory peptide, cholecystokinin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, motilin, substance P, neurotensin, secretin, serotonin

Question 29

where are the interstitial cells of cajal?

Answer 29

between muscle layers and myenteric plexus

Question 30

why are normal commensal microbes important?

Answer 30

produce nutrients for epithelial cell health/metabolism
can limit pathogens’ ability to colonize
promote immunological tolerance to luminal contents

Question 31

what do infectious agents target in the small intestine?

Answer 31

absorptive enterocytes
crypt cells
microvilli and glycocalyx

Question 32

is there a blood:brain barrier at the chemoreceptor trigger zone?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what is dysphagia and what is it from?

Answer 33

defective swallowing
oropharyngeal disease

Question 34

where in the intestinal wall are water and products of digestion absorbed?

Answer 34

tips of villi

Question 35

can extra-abdominal disease be a sign of acute abdomen?

Answer 35

yes: pleuropneumonia

Question 36

what is the main thing you might see with protein losing enteropathy?

Answer 36

effusions/edema

Question 37

what can cause protein losing enteropathy in small animals?

Answer 37

any disease disrupting intestinal wall function
blood sucking parasites
+/- GI hemorrhage

Question 38

what can cause protein losing enteropathy in large animals?

Answer 38

parasitism
johne’s disease ruminants
infectious enterocolitis
idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases
lymphoma
gastrointestinal ulcers

Question 39

if the basement membrane is intact in a ulceration or injury, how is the prognosis?

Answer 39

good