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MSK1 > Neurulation and PNS formation > Flashcards

Neurulation and PNS formation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Neurulation?

A

Folding process in vertebrate embryo;

Neural plate -> neural tube

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2
Q

What is the new ectoderm comprised of?

A

Neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm

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3
Q

What does the notochord cause to form in the neuroectoderm?

A

Neural plate in week 3

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4
Q

What do you need the notochord for?

A

Neurulation and nervous system development

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5
Q

What happens in primary neurulation?

A

Neural plate –> Neural folds –> Neural tube

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6
Q

Where does neurulation start?

A

5th somite

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7
Q

What is the neural groove?

A

Center of neural plate right above the notochord that holds in place so the neural folds can fold

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8
Q

What happens when the neural folds enlarge and fold up?

A

They eventually fuse and pinch off to form neural tube

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9
Q

What are the lateral most cells from the neural plate called?

A

Neural crest cells ;

They fuse as well in between the surface ectoderm and neural tube and will eventually migrate away

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10
Q

What layer of the primary germ layers forms the neural tube?

A

Ectoderm

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11
Q

What and where are the 2 neural pores?

A

Cranial neuropore and caudal neuropore - last things to close

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12
Q

Neural tube closes around what?

A

Up and around the head and down to the 31st somite

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13
Q

What marks the end of primary neurulation?

A

Closure of cranial and caudal neuropores

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14
Q

What marks the end of gastrulation?

A

Formation of tail bud (caudal eminence)

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15
Q

What is secondary neurulation?

A

Formation of neural tube from tail bud

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16
Q

Describe what happens during secondary neurulation

A

Tail bud cells condense into medullary cord
Medullary cord cavitates and creates a lumen
The medullary cord then merges with the central canal of the neural tube

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17
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A

Neuroectodermal cells along dorsal side of neural folds that run along entire cranial-caudal neural tube

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18
Q

Where do the neural crest cells go?

A

Migrate VENTRALLY using EMT and give rise to many derivatives

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19
Q

List some things neural crest cells create

A

Create jaw, pulmonary trunk and pigment cells

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20
Q

Abnormalities in NCC are called

A

Neurocristopathies

21
Q

What develops the meninges?

A

NCC and mesenchyme that migrate and surround neural tube to form meninx primitiva
20-35 days

22
Q

What does the meninx primitiva create?

A

Ectomeninx and endomeninx

23
Q

What then happens to the ectomeninx?

A

It forms spaces for venous sinuses and then dissociates to create the epidural space

24
Q

The ectomeninx ultimately becomes

A

The dura matter

25
Q

What then happens to the endomeninx?

A

It reticulates and subarachnoid space appears

26
Q

The endomeninx ultimately becomes

A

The arachnoid and pia matter

27
Q

Does the neural tube close simultaneously down from cranial to caudal?

A

NO

28
Q

What can neural tube defects be attributed to?

A

Nutritional aspect; folic acid deficit

29
Q

Anencephaly/meroencephaly

A

No closure at anterior head so brain is open

30
Q

Encephalocele

A

Back of head protrusion; with or without brain tissue

31
Q

Craniorachischisis

A

No closure at anterior head all the way to thoracic region

32
Q

The PNS develops from

A

Neural tube, NCC, Neuroectoderm

33
Q

Ventral and dorsal regions of neural tube are separated by

A

Sulcus limitans

34
Q

Ventricular zone of neural tube

A

Stem cells that divide and migrate

35
Q

Intermediate zone of neural tube

A

Differentiate into neurons and glia

36
Q

Marginal zone of neural tube

A

Axons that will eventually be myelinated

37
Q

1st cells that come out of neuroblasts

A

Neurons

38
Q

2nd cells that come out of neural tube

A

Glioblasts that form Macroglia

39
Q

Regions of the growing neural tube

A

Roof and floor plate, alar and basal plate, sulcus limitans

40
Q

What does the sulcus limitans do?

A

Separate afferent signals and efferent signals

41
Q

Alar plate

A

Dorsal (posterior) that produces sensory neurons

42
Q

Basal plate

A

Ventral (anterior) that produces motor neurons

43
Q

What is needed for motor neuron identity?

A

increased SHH that activates NKX2.2 and NKX6.1 genes for anterior motor neuron formation

44
Q

What is needed for sensory neuron identity?

A

BMP/TGF-beta that activates PAX3 and PAX7 to create posterior sensory association neurons

45
Q

Where does the lateral horn stem from?

A

Dorsal side of the basal plate that forms the intermediolateral cell columns

46
Q

What does the lateral horn produce?

A

Visceral motor neurons due to coming from basal plate (motor neurons) – smooth muscle ANS

47
Q

Preganglionic cells from

A

Neuroectoderm

48
Q

Ganglionic cells from

A

NCC

49
Q

List some neurocristopathies

A

Piebaldism, micrognathia, hirshspung disease, mandibulofacial dystosis, goldenhar syndrome

MSK1 (29 decks)

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