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MSK1 > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What is Integument?

A

Outer covering of body, such as skin and related things such as hair and nails

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the integument?

A

Barrier for protection, sensation, excretion, thermoregulation, vitamin D3 synthesis

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3
Q

What is the integument made up of?

A

Epidermis (ectoderm) and dermis (dermatome of the paraxial mesoderm)

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4
Q

What is deep to the dermis layer and what is its function?

A

Hypoderm - loose connective tissue that binds skin to underlying tissues and corresponds to superficial fascia

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What is at the epidermal-dermal boundary?

A

Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae that form a zipper like structure that strengthens adhesion!

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7
Q

Describe the attributes of thick skin

A

Found on palms and soles of feet, 5 layers, fingerprints, 400-1400 microM thick

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8
Q

Describe the attributes of thin skin

A

Widespread over the body, 4 layers, glands and hair follicles, 75-150 microM thick

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9
Q

What are the epidermal layers from deep to superficial?

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only thick skin), stratum corneum

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10
Q

What are the epidermal cell types?

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells and langerhans cells

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11
Q

What is the most prominent cell type in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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12
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Produce keratins that strengthen the epidermal water barrier and will produce cornufied cells full of keratin.
Also undergo keratinization and desquamation

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13
Q

What is keratinization?

A

Process of a keratinocyte maturing to the outer layer of epidermis

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14
Q

What is desquamation?

A

Shedding of keratinocytes

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15
Q

Stratum Basale defining features

A

Single layer of keratinocytes with stem cells interspersed; contains melanin
Bound basally by hemidesosomes and apically by desosomes - deepest layer of epidermis!

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16
Q

Stratum Spinosum defining features

A

Thickest layer!

Polyhedral cells with spiny processes; keratin filaments assemble into tonofibrils here - “prickle layer”

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17
Q

Stratum granulosum defining features

A

3-5 layers of flattened cells

Filled with keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules whose products create an almost impenetrable skin barrier

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18
Q

What is unique about keratohyaline granules?

A

They stain intensely basophilic and the granules then undergo terminal differentiation of keratinization

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19
Q

What do lamellar granules contain?

A

Lipids and glycolipids that undergo exocytosis and produce a lipid-rich layer that protects against water loss

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20
Q

Stratum lucidum defining features

A

ONLY IN THICK SKIN!

Thin, translucent layer of flattened keratinocytes and cytoplasm is mostly keratin filaments

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21
Q

Stratum corneum defining features

A

15-20 layers of squamous keratinized cells that are anucleate

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22
Q

What are squames

A

Fully keratinized “cornified” cells that are continuously shed as desosomes break down; housed in the stratum corneum

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23
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes

24
Q

What is melanin and where is it derived from?

A

Pigment protein that protects nuclei from UV radiation

NCC DERIVED

25
Q

How many keratinocytes does 1 melanocyte associate with?

A

About 10

26
Q

Describe the process of melanin being formed and transferred to keratinocytes

A

Tyrosinase converts tyrosine to melanin in premelanosomes

As the melanin accumulates the premelanosome turns into a melanosome where it can now be transferred to keratinocytes

27
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells that phagocytose and present foreign materials to lymph node cells
Found in the stratum spinosum

28
Q

What initiates epidermal cell replacement?

A

Stem cells in the stratum basale

29
Q

What causes the number of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae to increase?

A

Sites of increased mechanical stress

30
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

31
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A

Loose CT beneath epidermis that contains vasculature and nerve endings

32
Q

Describe the reticular layer

A

Dense irregular CT that forms regular lines of tension known as the Langer’s lines – cut along them to increase healing capablities

33
Q

Subpapillary plexus

A

Capillary network between papillary and reticular layers that supplies nutrients to the epidermis

34
Q

Deep plexus

A

Capillary network near dermis-subcutaneous (hypodermis) boundary that supplies nutrients to the dermis

35
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer?

A

Loose CT that binds skin to subjacent organs

36
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the hypodermis?

A

It contains varying numbers of adipocytes and an extensive vasculature promotes rapid uptake of injected drugs

37
Q

What types of sensory receptors does the skin have?

A

Encapsulated and non-encapsulated

38
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Low threshold mechanoreceptors essential for sensing gentle touch; abundant in finger tips and hair follicles

39
Q

How would you differentiate a merkel cell?

A

Lack melanosomes, contain small golgi-derived granules near the basolateral surface

40
Q

What is merkel cell carcinoma?

A

A rare, aggressive, difficult to treat cancer

40X less common than malignant melanoma but it is 2X more deadly

41
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Located in papillary dermis and lower epidermal layers; respond to temperature, pain, itching

42
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

Encapsulated receptors that respond to light touch or low freq. stimuli
Perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae; found in fingertips, palms, soles

43
Q

Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle

A

Large encapsulated receptors that respond to coarse touch, pressure, vibrations
Found deep in reticular dermis and hypodermis; also rectum wall and bladder

44
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Abundant in face and scalp; produce a lipid mixture = sebum via holocrine secretion
Lubricates skin, and discharged into hair follicle

45
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

Found throughout skin, stratified cuboidal duct;
Myoepithelial cells facilitate expulsion
Temperature regulation via cooling

46
Q

What is sweat made of?

A

H2O, salt, mucinogen, ammonia, uric acid

47
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

USE MEROCRINE SECRETION - odorless until mixed with bacteria
Stratified cuboidal duct, myoepithelial cells facilitate expulsion, functional at puberty

48
Q

What is the terminal dilation of the hair follicle and what inserts?

A

Hair bulb and dermal papilla inserts into that hair bulb to provide nutrients

49
Q

What causes hair growth?

A

Keratinocytes dividing and differentiating

50
Q

What does the follicular bulge contain?

A

Epidermal stem cells; near the insertion of arrector pili m.

51
Q

Arrector pili m.

A

Smooth muscle that extends from midpoint of hair root to papillary layer in dermis and when contracts, hair stands up “goose bumps”

52
Q

What are nails made of?

A

Highly keratinized cells on bed of epidermis

53
Q

Nail root

A

Most proximal; covers nail matrix

54
Q

Nail matrix

A

Stem cells divide and form keratinocytes, pushed forward by continuous growth

55
Q

Cuticle

A

Extension of skin covering nail root

56
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

secretion delivered via membrane bound vesicles that undergo exocytosis

57
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

secretion delivered once secretion builds up within the cell and apoptosis releases the cell contents

MSK1 (29 decks)

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