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MSK1 > Cartilage and Bone tissue > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type can create both cartilage and bone tissue?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

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2
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Absorb shock and resist compression

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3
Q

What is cartilage mostly made of?

A

60-80% water

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4
Q

What covers cartilage?

A

Perichondrium - Dense irregular CT that resists outer expansion of cartilage when compressed and contains mesenchymal cells that will differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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5
Q

Describe the innervation and vascular supply of cartilage?

A

NONE! No nerves and no blood vessels within the cartilage

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6
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

Diffusion from other surrounding tissues

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7
Q

How is cartilage’s ability to repair itself when damaged?

A

BAD.. cannot really repair itself at all

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8
Q

What are the cell types of cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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9
Q

Function of chondroblasts?

A

Build cartilage matrix and terminally differentiate into chondrocytes

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10
Q

Function of chondrocytes?

A

Mature cells embedded within cartilage ECM in space known as lacunae

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11
Q

What is in the ECM secreted by cartilage cells?

A

Ground substance and fibers

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12
Q

What fiber is always present in ECM of cartilage cells?

A

Type 2 collagen, some cartilage types will add other types as well

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13
Q

Describe the properties of hyaline cartilage

A

Great shock absorber and most abundant; covers ends of adjoining bones in movable joints
- shiny, glassy, smooth appearance, key role in bone growth

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14
Q

Describe the properties of elastic cartilage

A

ECM contains more elastic fibers as well as some collagen type 2 which makes it more flexible and can tolerate repeated bending while maintaining shape

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15
Q

Where would you find hyaline cartilage?

A

Ends of movable joints, layrnx, trachea, nose, sternum/ribs

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16
Q

Where would you find elastic cartilage?

A

Eustachian tube, auricle of ear, auditory tubes

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17
Q

Describe the properties of fibrocartilage

A

Tough, resists tension and compression
ECM contains thick type 1 collagen and type 2
Chondrocytes arranged in rows of isogenous groups and fibers arranged in direction of functional stress

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18
Q

Where would you find fibrocartilage?

A

IV disks, pubic symphysis and some joint capsules

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19
Q

Describe the properties of articular cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage but lacks perichondrium, collagen fibers run perpendicular to tissue surface and creates 4 zones

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20
Q

Where would you find articular cartilage?

A

On surfaces of movable joints

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21
Q

What cartilage types lack a perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage and articular cartilage

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22
Q

What is chondrogenesis and how many ways can it be performed?

A

Growth of cartilage and can occur in 2 ways

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of chondrogenesis?

A

Interstitial growth and Appositional growth

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24
Q

Describe appositional growth

A

Chondroblasts building one layer on top of another

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25
Q

Describe interstitial growth

A

Chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and form isogenous groups
They then deposit a new ECM to spread and expand the cartilage

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26
Q

How can you differentiate interstitial growth?

A

The new territorial matrix formed from the new ECM stains differently

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27
Q

Why is it difficult for cartilage to repair itself?

A

Avascular and low metabolic rate, but is better off in children

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28
Q

What is bone?

A

Solid connective tissue and a living organ that is well vascularized and innervated

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29
Q

Where do nerves innervate bone?

A

Periosteum

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30
Q

Where do blood vessels run?

A

Within canals in bone

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31
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood-cell formation

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32
Q

What are the bone cell types?

A

Osteoprogenitor (osteogenic), osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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33
Q

Describe osteoprogenitor cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum that will create osteoblasts

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34
Q

Describe osteoblast cells

A

Build bone, mononuclear, housed on bone surfaces

They produce the osteoid and control mineralization of ECM

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35
Q

What is the osteoid?

A

Bone matrix

36
Q

What are the 3 fates of osteoblasts?

A
  1. actively building bone, cuboidal shaped, become osteocytes
  2. Quiescent, line bone surface as flat cells
  3. death by apoptosis
37
Q

Describe osteocyte cells

A

Mature osteoblasts in osteoid lacunae; sense strain on bone and control osteoblasts and osteoclasts

38
Q

What connects osteocytes

A

Canaliculi - small channels that pass nutrients

39
Q

Describe osteoclast cells

A

Resorb bone, multinucleated, create divots and tunnels in bone

40
Q

What is the fate of osteoclast cells?

A

Apoptosis

41
Q

Knobby regions at the proximal and distal end of bone

A

Epiphysis

42
Q

Elongated shaft of bone

A

Diaphysis

43
Q

Area of bone between epiphysis and diaphysis that consists of spongy bone

A

Metaphysis

44
Q

Hyaline cartilage in metaphysis of children long bones that is necessary for elongation of bones

A

Epiphyseal plate

45
Q

Once the epiphyseal plate fuses it becomes

A

Epiphyseal line

46
Q

Cylindrical space in diaphysis containing bone marrow

A

Marrow cavity

47
Q

Dense irregular CT covering external surface of bone

A

Periosteum

48
Q

CT lining of all trabeculae and marrow cavity

A

Endosteum

49
Q

Describe cortical bone (compact)

A

Outer walls, lamellar layers are either in circumferential or partial ring arrangement

50
Q

Describe trabecular bone (cancellous/spongy)

A

Internal porous network of bony plates and rods at proximal and distal ends more towards the middle
No osteons, can be either woven or lamellar

51
Q

Woven bone

A

Immature, new bone that was laid down in a quick, irregular pattern with low mineral content

52
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Mature, laid down in organized layers with high mineral content and eventually replaces the woven bone during remodeling!

53
Q

What is the osteon?

A

Cylindrical, layered structures comprising mature compact bone

54
Q

What forms the concentric lamellae?

A

Osteocytes and matrix arranged into layers around the vessels

55
Q

Osteocytes reach the blood vessels of the osteon via what?

A

Canaliculi

56
Q

What lines the entire inner and outer circumference of diaphysis

A

Circumferential lamellae

57
Q

What are the remnant of previous concentric lamellae called?

A

Interstitial lamellae

58
Q

Where does trabecular bone receive nutrients?

A

Surrounded by bone marrow so thats its source

59
Q

What are the 2 methods of osteogenesis?

A

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

60
Q

Bone formed directly from mesenchymal cells

A

Intramembranous ossification

61
Q

Bone formed directly from hyaline cartilage

A

Endochondral ossification

62
Q

What bones are from from intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of skull, most facial bones and central clavicle

63
Q

In both types of osteogenesis, what type of bone is formed first?

A

Woven bone

64
Q

What are the basic endochondral ossification steps?

A

Perichondrium becomes the periosteum
Osteoblasts build bony collar
Chondrocytes within begin to calcify and die
Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on calcified cartilage
– forms primary ossification center
Osteoclasts remove ossified cartilage
–forms marrow cavity
Secondary centers of ossification develop in epiphysis

65
Q

Bone lengthening is dependent upon what?

A

Epiphyseal growth plate

66
Q

Where is the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

Between the primary and secondary ossification centers (metaphysis)

67
Q

What are the zones in the epiphyseal plate?

A 
Resting zone
Proliferation zone
Hypertrophy zone
Calcification zone
Ossification zone
68
Q

What happens at the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) undergo mitosis and increase cell numbers

69
Q

What is needed for correct proliferation at the proliferation zone?

A

FGFR3

70
Q

What occurs without FGFR3

A

Achondroplasia = dwarfism; Shortening of long bones!

Autosomal dominant, defects in cranial base and spinal curvatures

71
Q

What happens at the hypertrophy zone of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Chondrocytes enlarge and secrete ECM which spreads the cells apart and they increase in size
THIS LENGTHENS THE BONE by pushing the epiphysis further from the diaphysis

72
Q

What happens at the calcification zone of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Cartilage cells calcify and die

73
Q

What happens at the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Blood vessels invade and bring along precursors for osteoblasts that cover hardened cartilage with woven bone matrix

74
Q

Why would bone remodel?

A

Repair microdamage and calcium metabolism

75
Q

How much calcium can leave or enter the bone each day?

A

500 mg

76
Q

What is responsible for the concentric lamellar orientation of osteons and for the interstital lamellae?

A

Remodeling of cortical bone

77
Q

How often is trabecular bone replaced?

A

Every 3-4 years

78
Q

How often is cortical bone replaced?

A

Every 10 years

79
Q

Describe the process of cortical bone remodeling

A

-Osteoclasts tunnel though old bone forming a remodeling tunnel
-Osteoclasts signal for blood vessels to follow
-Mesenchymal cells follow blood vessels and become osteoblasts
-Osteoblasts begin depositing concentric rings of lamellar bone around the blood vessel until the tunnel is filled in
New osteon is formed!

80
Q

Describe the process for fracture repair?

A
  • Torn blood vessels within fracture clot and form hematoma
  • Inflammation
  • Hematoma removed by macrophages and replaced by soft callus from mesenchymal stem cells that create fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage there
  • Bone callus forms using endochondral ossification(osteoblasts from woven trabecular bone)
  • Bone remodeling - woven bone replaced with lamellar bone and vascularization re-established
81
Q

Condition due to low bone mass; bone resorption is occurring faster than bone building

A

Osteoporosis

82
Q

What is controversial about osteoporosis treatment in post-menopausal women?

A

Estrogen inhibits bone loss, so without it, bone is lost faster
Estrogen replacement therapy has side effects such as cardiovascular risks and breast cancer

83
Q

What is vitamin D needed for?

A

Calcium absorption in the gut

84
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Occurs in adults; softening of bones due to defective mineralization

85
Q

Rickets

A

Occurs in chidlren; more severe than osteomalacia

Weakened bones, abnormal head and ribs

MSK1 (29 decks)

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