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MSK1 > Gastrulation and Embryonic Germ Layers > Flashcards

Gastrulation and Embryonic Germ Layers Flashcards

1
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Thick layer of glycoproteins that surrounds oocyte

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2
Q

Purpose of Zona Pellucida

A

Helps with sperm recognition and binding

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3
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Responsible for follicle development

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4
Q

Cumulus oophorous

A

Anchor oocyte to follicle wall

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5
Q

Mural granulosa cells

A

Line wall of follicle

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6
Q

Corona radiata

A

Firmly anchor to zona pellucida; sperm must cross this layer to fertilize the oocyte

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of granulosa cells?

A

Corona radiata, mural granulosa cells, cumulus oophorous

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8
Q

List the 7 steps of fertilization

A
  1. Acrosome reaction
  2. Zona reaction
  3. Fusion of egg and sperm cell membranes
  4. Sperm head and tail enter ooctye cytoplasm
  5. Formation of female and male pronuclei
  6. Pronuclei fuse to form zygote
  7. Chromosomes of zygote align on cleavage spindle
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9
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Sperm head releases enzymes

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10
Q

Why is the acrosome reaction important?

A

It allows the sperm to pass through the corona radiata and zona pellucida

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11
Q

What is the zona reaction?

A

Changes in the zona pellucida

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12
Q

Why is the zona reaction important?

A

It prevents the oocyte from being fertilized by more than one sperm by making the zona pellucida impermeable

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13
Q

What happens after fertilization?

A

Cleavage

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14
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Begins 30 hours after fertilization

Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote

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15
Q

After 8 cells have been created, what happens?

A

Compaction

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16
Q

What is compaction?

A

Cells squeezing in, taking smaller and more irregular shapes to fit inside

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17
Q

Once 12-32 cells have been created what do you form?

A

Morula

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18
Q

After the morula is formed, what happens next?

A

Blastogenesis

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19
Q

What is blastogenesis?

A

Formation of a blastocyst and degradation of the zona pellucida

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20
Q

What is does a blastocyst include?

A

Embryo and its membranes

  • Trophoblast layer
  • Embryoblast layer
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21
Q

How long after initial penetration of the oocyte with the sperm does it take for blastocyst formation?

A

5-6 days

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22
Q

Describe spontaneous abortions?

A

45%; occurs to zygotes, morulae, blastocysts;
Happens due to chromosomal abnormalities, inadequate hormone release
Usually before you know you are pregnant

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23
Q

Where does the blastocyst attach?

A

Endometrial wall adjacent to its embryoblast layer

24
Q

What does the trophoblast layer differentiate into?

A

Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

25
Q

What does the cytotrophoblast do?

A

Release enzymes

26
Q

What does the syncytiotrophoblast do?

A

Use enzymatic degradation to invade endometrial wall to become superficially implanted

27
Q

What does the embryoblast layer differentiate into?

A

Epiblast and hypoblast

28
Q

What does the hypoblast do?

A

Continuous with exocoelomic membrane; lines cytotophoblast to create chorion

29
Q

What does the epiblast do?

A

Forms amniotic cavity and amnion

30
Q

Why is the epiblast important?

A

It protects the developing fetus

31
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Encloses embryo and houses amniotic fluid

32
Q

What is the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Epiblast + Hypoblast

*Day 6-10

33
Q

What is the primary umbilical vessel?

A

Hypoblast + lining of exocoelomic membrane

34
Q

What does the primary umbilical vessel give rise to?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm

35
Q

What is the extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

Layer of tissue that surrounds amnion and umbilical vessel

36
Q

What happens to spaces in the extraembryonic mesoderm?

A

The spaces join and fuse to create the extraembryonic coelom

37
Q

What does the extraembryonic coelom do?

A

Forces the primary umbilical vessel to decrease in size

38
Q

What is the secondary umbilical vessel?

A

Forms from hypoblast cells, migrates inside of primary umbilical vesicle and it is the site of origin for primordial germ cells

39
Q

What does the extraembryonic coelom separate the extraembryonic mesoderm into?

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm and the extraembryonic splanchic mesoderm

40
Q

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

A

Lines trophoblast and amnion

41
Q

Extraembryonic splanchic mesoderm

A

Surrounds umbilical vessel

42
Q

Chorion sac

A

Fetal component of placenta

43
Q

What is the chorion sac made of

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm and trophoblast

44
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Implantation of the blastocyst outside the uterine cavity, usually in the oviduct

45
Q

Signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy

A

Profuse bleeding, abdominal pain, ruptured oviduct and occasional loss of ovary
2% of all pregnancies

46
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Formation of trilaminar embryonic disc of primary germ layers

47
Q

When does gastrulation take place?

A

Week 3 of development

48
Q

What defines body axes; such as cranial-caudal, dorsal-vental, left-right?

A

Gastrulation

49
Q

First step in gastrulation?

A

Epiblast cells thicken to create the primitive streak and primitive node

50
Q

Cells in the middle of primitive streak and node die to become what?

A

Primitive groove and primitive pit

51
Q

What cells migrate into primitive groove?

A

Epiblast cells

52
Q

The hypoblast during gastrulation will become what?

A

Endoderm

53
Q

The epiblast layer during gastrulation will become what?

A

Ectoderm

54
Q

The cells that are migrating into the primitive groove and towards the cranial end become what?

A

Mesoderm

55
Q

What is the function of the notochord?

A

Primary signaling center in the embryo

56
Q

What is saccrococcygeal Teratoma?

A

Tumor made of pluripotent primitive streak cells

Mostly occurs in female and tumor grows at sacral end

MSK1 (29 decks)

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