NEUROPLASTICITIES HIGH YIELD

Question 1

what is the leading cause of physical disability in the US?

Answer 1

musculoskeletal injuries

Question 2

what is the limiting factor in joint rehabilitation?

Answer 2

arthrogenic muscle inhibition

*spinal reflex motor pathways, specifically of the afferent information

Question 3

how can we assess reflex excitability?

Answer 3

Hoffmann reflex

Question 4

what is the effect of joint effusion on reflexive control?

Answer 4

simulated effusion like saline injections elicits alterations in reflex excitability like:

less reflexive muscle contraction
leads to altered gait mechanics
occurs absent of pain

Question 5

what is the effect of neural impairment after joint injury?

Answer 5

muscle weakness

bilateral

present in acute stages of pain

Question 6

where does the initial neural impulse for impairment originate from the brain?

*acute deficits in motor cortex excitability?

Answer 6

primary motor cortex along the corticospinal pathway the muscle

*no changes following joint effusion model
no impairments acute stages of ACL injury

Question 7

how do we measure cortex excitability?

results?

Answer 7

TMS

decreased cortical and reflexive excitability, whether beneficial to increased or decreased depends on the environment and body’s need

Question 8

what is cortical excitability, measure of motor excitability of the brain, based on?

Answer 8

motor threshold
size of motor evoked potential
slope of stimulus response curve
maximal response

Question 9

motor excitability elicits?

sensitivity of the alpha motor neuron pool as a result decreasing secondary to arthrogenic inhibition: pain, swelling, injury

Answer 9

reflexive excitability

Question 10

in motor excitability, what is the effect of decrease cortical excitability?

how to we further examine this?

Answer 10

tied to poor strength outcomes after ACL injury

look at the strength deficits from a neural perspective

Question 11

what does cortical inhibition prevent? what is the result?assessed how?

*when is this disrupted

Answer 11

constant reflex loop

spasticity, rigidity, dystonia

TMS

• cortical silent period
• short and long intracortical inhibition

*after ligament injury

Question 12

what is correlated with our nervous systems after injury?

Answer 12

laxity and passive stiffness

Question 13

this control maintains a joint stability more than just from the sensation and motor response , like motor planning and dual tasking

Answer 13

sensorimotor control

Question 14

what is happening during sensorimotor control? what is increased, decreased

Answer 14

increased sensory cortex activity

increased motor planning

increased visual processing

decreased task flexibility

Question 15

in sensorimotor control, when we see an increase in attentional resources for task, then there is decrease in _____?

Answer 15

task execution and flexibility

more difficult to adapt to unanticipated external stimuli

Question 16

what are the steps in the neural processing of muscle injury?

Answer 16

injury 
acute inflammation
arthrogenic inhibition
healing process
-instability
-copers
long term deficits

Question 17

what are the effects of neural impairment on muscle injury?

Answer 17

altered afferent information

reflexive inhibition of musculature

changes in somatosensory cortex

increased reliance on other cortical areas

decreased motor output

Question 18

the effects of neural impairment on muscle injury are supported by?

Answer 18

increased somatosensory activation leading to: decreased proprioception; change in muscle synergies

decreased motor cortex excitability leads to:
decreased muscle strength

increased intracortical inhibition leading to:
stiffness changes

altered cortical activation in task execution:
decreased task flexibility

Question 19

how can we generate neural plasticity?

Answer 19

posterior association area
anterior association area
premotor cortex
visual unimodal association cortex
primary motor cortex

Question 20

how do we affect neuromuscular system to modify performance?

Answer 20

internal feedback model
external feedback model
feedback specific affecting frontal, occipital, precuneous poles

Question 21

frontal pole on feedback specific cortical activation for performance modification is responsible for?

Answer 21

working memory and attention

Question 22

occipital pole on feedback specific cortical activation for performance modification is responsible for?

Answer 22

visual spatial and processing

Question 23

precuneous pole on feedback specific cortical activation for performance modification is responsible for?

Answer 23

sensory integration

Question 24

auditory effect from feedback specific cortical activation

Answer 24

able to perform without feedback leading to decrease in sensory activation leading to facilitate transition to autonomous stage

Question 25

visual effect from feedback specific cortical activation

Answer 25

reliant on feedback leading to increase sensory activation leading to inhibit motor learning progression

Question 26

what is stroboscopic visual knockdown useful for?

Answer 26

disrupts the visual system and allows:

allows complex action
improves visual processing and action anticipation

Question 27

what are some neuroscience tools to help with neuromuscular intervention?

Answer 27

motor learning
visual motor
neurocognition
virtual reality