Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition

Question 1

What system is the final common pathway for speaking and it involves Wernicke’s area, arcuate fasciculus, Broca’s area and the facial area of the motor cortex?

Answer 1

Language implementation system

Question 2

What system relays information to the language implementation system from the third system in language production?

Answer 2

Mediational system

Question 3

What system receives input from the ventral visual pathway and provides us with the names of objects when we see them?

Answer 3

Conceptual system

Question 4

At what age are babies referred to as language universalists because they recognize all sounds that might be language as distinct sounds?

Answer 4

Younger than 6 months

Question 5

At what age do babies brains change and start to recognize specific language sounds of their native language and drop the use of phonemes that doesn’t occur in their language?

Answer 5

Between 6-9 months old

Question 6

Language comprehension precedes what?

Answer 6

The ability to talk

Question 7

At about what age do child’s babbling begin to convert to true spoken language?

Answer 7

1 year

Question 8

When second languages are learned during the language acquisition phase, what pathway is activated?

Answer 8

The same pathway as the first language

Question 9

When a second language is learned after the language acquisition phase it activates what?

Answer 9

An adjacent region of Broca’s area

Question 10

What is the term for an important factor in our ability to function in interpersonal and social situations?

Answer 10

Social cognition

Question 11

What is one of the first things we identify to recognize emotional content is?

Answer 11

Facial expression

Question 12

The neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others are also involved in?

Answer 12

Producing that emotion in ourselves

Question 13

During emotional comprehension what part of the brain recognizes human faces?

Answer 13

Fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus

Question 14

During emotional comprehension what part of the brain helps identify the emotion?

Answer 14

1) Amygdala
2) Anterior Cingulate cortex
3) Prefrontal cortex

Question 15

The facial details that cue us as to what emotion we are seeing in another person are “concentrated” in a triangle containing?

Answer 15

1. Eyes
2. Nose
3. Mouth

Question 16

What structure controls the use of eyes and directs the gaze to the triangular area of another human?

Answer 16

Amygdala

Question 17

In emotion recognition, what does the posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus do?

Answer 17

Provides the visual input

Question 18

In emotion recognition, what does the anterior mirror neuron system do?

Answer 18

Identifies the goal of the action (why are they doing that)

Question 19

In emotion recognition, what does the posterior mirror neuron system do?

Answer 19

Identifies the motor action (what is it that they were doing)

Question 20

The circuit for imitating emotional or motor behavior is believed to interact with limbic structures via the?

Answer 20

Insula

Question 21

What is the study of the tone and rhythm of speech and how allows us to recognize the emotion?

Answer 21

Prosody

Question 22

During emotion comprehension, what is required for the basics of sound processing, including identity of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics of the sound?

Answer 22

Primary auditory cortex

Question 23

During emotion comprehension, the information gathered from the primary auditory cortex is sent to the?

Answer 23

Right posterior superior temporal sulcus

Question 24

What does the right posterior superior temporal sulcus do?

Answer 24

Pieces together the MEANING of the loudness, pitch, tone, of the vocalizaiton

Question 25

During emotion comprehension what judges the emotional stimulus and determines what emotion is being expressed?

Answer 25

Frontal cortex

Question 26

What is the ability to understand the mental states of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own?

Answer 26

Theory of mind

Question 27

What is the core pathway of the theory of mind?

Answer 27

Amygdala and connections to the medial temporal lobes and orbitofrontal areas

Question 28

What must theory of mind work with in order for it to exist?

Answer 28

Emotion comprehension

Question 29

The orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and striatum make up what system during decision making?

Answer 29

Stimulus encoding system

Question 30

What does the stimulus encoding system do?

Answer 30

Evaluates the evidence available in making the decision

Question 31

The anterior cingulate cortex makes up what system during decision making?

Answer 31

Action selection system

Question 32

What does the action selection system do?

Answer 32

It learns and encodes the subjective value of the results and is involved in error detection

Question 33

The basal ganglia, amygdala, intraparietal cortex and insular cortex make up what system?

Answer 33

Expected reward system

Question 34

What does the expected reward system do?

Answer 34

Predicts the expected reward

Question 35

A decision in which the risks are known (explicit risk) relies most heavily on what system?

Answer 35

Stimulus encoding system

Question 36

A decision in which the risks are unknown (ambiguous risk) relies most heavily on what system?

Answer 36

Expected reward system and eventually the action selection system