Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition Flashcards
What system is the final common pathway for speaking and it involves Wernicke’s area, arcuate fasciculus, Broca’s area and the facial area of the motor cortex?
Language implementation system
What system relays information to the language implementation system from the third system in language production?
Mediational system
What system receives input from the ventral visual pathway and provides us with the names of objects when we see them?
Conceptual system
At what age are babies referred to as language universalists because they recognize all sounds that might be language as distinct sounds?
Younger than 6 months
At what age do babies brains change and start to recognize specific language sounds of their native language and drop the use of phonemes that doesn’t occur in their language?
Between 6-9 months old
Language comprehension precedes what?
The ability to talk
At about what age do child’s babbling begin to convert to true spoken language?
1 year
When second languages are learned during the language acquisition phase, what pathway is activated?
The same pathway as the first language
When a second language is learned after the language acquisition phase it activates what?
An adjacent region of Broca’s area
What is the term for an important factor in our ability to function in interpersonal and social situations?
Social cognition
What is one of the first things we identify to recognize emotional content is?
Facial expression
The neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others are also involved in?
Producing that emotion in ourselves
During emotional comprehension what part of the brain recognizes human faces?
Fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus
During emotional comprehension what part of the brain helps identify the emotion?
1) Amygdala
2) Anterior Cingulate cortex
3) Prefrontal cortex
The facial details that cue us as to what emotion we are seeing in another person are “concentrated” in a triangle containing?
- Eyes
- Nose
- Mouth
What structure controls the use of eyes and directs the gaze to the triangular area of another human?
Amygdala
In emotion recognition, what does the posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus do?
Provides the visual input
In emotion recognition, what does the anterior mirror neuron system do?
Identifies the goal of the action (why are they doing that)
In emotion recognition, what does the posterior mirror neuron system do?
Identifies the motor action (what is it that they were doing)
The circuit for imitating emotional or motor behavior is believed to interact with limbic structures via the?
Insula
What is the study of the tone and rhythm of speech and how allows us to recognize the emotion?
Prosody
During emotion comprehension, what is required for the basics of sound processing, including identity of pitch, loudness, and other characteristics of the sound?
Primary auditory cortex
During emotion comprehension, the information gathered from the primary auditory cortex is sent to the?
Right posterior superior temporal sulcus
What does the right posterior superior temporal sulcus do?
Pieces together the MEANING of the loudness, pitch, tone, of the vocalizaiton
During emotion comprehension what judges the emotional stimulus and determines what emotion is being expressed?
Frontal cortex
What is the ability to understand the mental states of others and to appreciate how these differ from our own?
Theory of mind
What is the core pathway of the theory of mind?
Amygdala and connections to the medial temporal lobes and orbitofrontal areas
What must theory of mind work with in order for it to exist?
Emotion comprehension
The orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and striatum make up what system during decision making?
Stimulus encoding system
What does the stimulus encoding system do?
Evaluates the evidence available in making the decision
The anterior cingulate cortex makes up what system during decision making?
Action selection system
What does the action selection system do?
It learns and encodes the subjective value of the results and is involved in error detection
The basal ganglia, amygdala, intraparietal cortex and insular cortex make up what system?
Expected reward system
What does the expected reward system do?
Predicts the expected reward
A decision in which the risks are known (explicit risk) relies most heavily on what system?
Stimulus encoding system
A decision in which the risks are unknown (ambiguous risk) relies most heavily on what system?
Expected reward system and eventually the action selection system
