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NE Exam 3 > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

What type of memory deals with skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic?

A

Procedural memory (implicit)

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2
Q

The motor skills of procedural memories are primarily stored in?

A

Cerebellum

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3
Q

The non-motor skills of procedural memories are primarily stored in?

A

Nucleus accumbens

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4
Q

What type of memory deals with the conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences?

A

Declarative memory (explicit)

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5
Q

What are the two forms that declarative memory is divided into?

A

1) Episodic: memory of events

2) Semantic: memory of words, language and it’s rules

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6
Q

What is the term for alterations in the CNS based on use?

A

Plasticity

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7
Q

What are ways that can induce plasticity?

A

1) Changes in synaptic functioning

2) Changes in structure of neurons

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8
Q

What are ways to change synaptic functioning?

A

1) Post-tetanic potentiation

2) Long term potentiation

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9
Q

What are ways to change structure of neurons?

A

1) Gain/loss of synapses
2) Structural changes in dendrites
3) Structural changes in soma of neuron

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10
Q

What type of potentiation deals with the increasing neuronal activity increases amount of calcium in presynaptic terminal which then increases NT release?

A

Post-tetanic potentiation

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of post-tetanic stimulation?

A

The high level of stimulation allowed more Ca2+ to enter terminal that could be dealt with

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12
Q

Due to the high amount of Ca2+ during post-tetanic stimulation, what occurs?

A

More vesicles fuse and more NT are released

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13
Q

What type of potentiation deals with changes in pre and postsynaptic responses to NT release so same NT release creates larger repone (NMDA receptors) and can last for hours?

A

LTP

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14
Q

With the activation of NMDA receptors due to EAA, as calcium enters the postsynaptic cell it can bind to calmodulin leading to the increase of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP and phosphorylation of AMPA receptor. What happens when an AMPA receptor is phosphated?

A

Increase in Na influx in response to EAA

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15
Q

With the activation of NMDA receptors due to EAA, as calcium enters the postsynaptic cell it can bind to calmodulin leading to the activation of Nitric oxide synthase and the production of NO. What happens to that NO?

A

Diffuses back to the presynaptic cell and increases cGMP and NT release

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16
Q

Long-term potentiation is also associated with gene transcription related to?

A

Increase in CREB

cAMP response element-binding

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17
Q

What is the link from changes in synaptic functioning and changes in structure of neurons?

A

CREB

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18
Q

Attending to new info and linking it to previous memories is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?

A

Encoding

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19
Q

What is an important component of encoding?

A

Emotion (more emotional event was the more likely you encode it)

20
Q

Retention of info over time in short term memory is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?

A

Storage of info

21
Q

Where is the anatomical substrate for short-term memory?

A

1) Hippocampus
2) Parahippocampal cortex
3) Prefrontal cortex

22
Q

The interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via the nucleus basalis of Meynert is a cholinergic projection and a particular target of?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

23
Q

What is the physiological substrate for short term memory?

A

LTP

24
Q

The process of making a memory permanent and involves physical changes in synaptic structure is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?

A

Consolidation

25
Q

Consolidation memory from short to long term requires?

A

1) Hippocampus
2) Temporal lobes
3) Papez circuit

26
Q

What is the pathway for the Papez Circuit when consolidating memory from short to long term?

A

1) Hypothalamus/ Mammillary bodies
2) Anterior thalamus
3) Cingulate cortex
4) Hippocampus
5) Repeat 1-4

27
Q

Memory is repeatedly sent through what in order to set up conditions required to induce LTP and neuronal plasticity?

A

The Papez circuit

28
Q

It appears that long term memories are stored in?

A

The area of cortex related to the modality of the memory such as visual memory is stored in visual cortex, auditory memory is stored in auditory cortex

29
Q

Recalling or using the memory and bringing it into working memory is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?

A

Retreival

30
Q

Reassembling a long-term memory into a working memory requires?

A

1) Neocortex
2) Parahippocampal regions
3) Hippocampus

31
Q

During recalling/retrieving memories, information related to each component of the memory is sent to?

A

The parahippocampal regions and then to the hippocampus where it is reconstructed

32
Q

During recalling/retrieving memories, after the memory is reconstructed in the hippocampus where does it go?

A

Back to the parahippocampus and then to the cortex

33
Q

What structure is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “trace” of the memory?

A

Parahippocampus

34
Q

In the three component model of working memory, what is central executive?

A

Brain telling you to remember this thing

35
Q

In the three component model of working memory, what is phonological loop?

A

Provide/interpret the auditory info associated with memory

36
Q

In the three component model of working memory, what is visuospatial loop?

A

Provide/interpret the visual info associated with memory

Ex) I remember that the answer was in the second paragraph of page 9

37
Q

In the three component model of working memory, where is the central executive?

A

Prefrontal cortex

38
Q

In the three component model of working memory, where is the phonological loop?

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s

39
Q

In the three component model of working memory, where is the visuospatial loop?

A

Occipital cortex associated with vision

40
Q

A detailed memory of space stored in the hippocampus using special pyramidal cells in CA1 are known as?

A

Place cells

41
Q

What are place cells?

A

Neurons that are active only at specific locations

42
Q

Grid cells, head direction cells, and border neuron cells all send their inputs to?

A

Hippocampus and synapse on place cells

43
Q

What do grid cells do?

A

Create a map of place you are in

44
Q

What do head direction cells do?

A

What direction was my head pointing to see the area

45
Q

What do border neurons do?

A

Most excited when close to walls (borders)

46
Q

What type of memory deals with a special map in hippocampus and codes for the physical space of the memory?

A

Spatial memory

NE Exam 3 (20 decks)

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