Learning and memory Flashcards
What type of memory deals with skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic?
Procedural memory (implicit)
The motor skills of procedural memories are primarily stored in?
Cerebellum
The non-motor skills of procedural memories are primarily stored in?
Nucleus accumbens
What type of memory deals with the conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences?
Declarative memory (explicit)
What are the two forms that declarative memory is divided into?
1) Episodic: memory of events
2) Semantic: memory of words, language and it’s rules
What is the term for alterations in the CNS based on use?
Plasticity
What are ways that can induce plasticity?
1) Changes in synaptic functioning
2) Changes in structure of neurons
What are ways to change synaptic functioning?
1) Post-tetanic potentiation
2) Long term potentiation
What are ways to change structure of neurons?
1) Gain/loss of synapses
2) Structural changes in dendrites
3) Structural changes in soma of neuron
What type of potentiation deals with the increasing neuronal activity increases amount of calcium in presynaptic terminal which then increases NT release?
Post-tetanic potentiation
What is the mechanism of post-tetanic stimulation?
The high level of stimulation allowed more Ca2+ to enter terminal that could be dealt with
Due to the high amount of Ca2+ during post-tetanic stimulation, what occurs?
More vesicles fuse and more NT are released
What type of potentiation deals with changes in pre and postsynaptic responses to NT release so same NT release creates larger repone (NMDA receptors) and can last for hours?
LTP
With the activation of NMDA receptors due to EAA, as calcium enters the postsynaptic cell it can bind to calmodulin leading to the increase of adenylyl cyclase/cAMP and phosphorylation of AMPA receptor. What happens when an AMPA receptor is phosphated?
Increase in Na influx in response to EAA
With the activation of NMDA receptors due to EAA, as calcium enters the postsynaptic cell it can bind to calmodulin leading to the activation of Nitric oxide synthase and the production of NO. What happens to that NO?
Diffuses back to the presynaptic cell and increases cGMP and NT release
Long-term potentiation is also associated with gene transcription related to?
Increase in CREB
cAMP response element-binding
What is the link from changes in synaptic functioning and changes in structure of neurons?
CREB
Attending to new info and linking it to previous memories is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?
Encoding
What is an important component of encoding?
Emotion (more emotional event was the more likely you encode it)
Retention of info over time in short term memory is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?
Storage of info
Where is the anatomical substrate for short-term memory?
1) Hippocampus
2) Parahippocampal cortex
3) Prefrontal cortex
The interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via the nucleus basalis of Meynert is a cholinergic projection and a particular target of?
Alzheimer’s disease
What is the physiological substrate for short term memory?
LTP
The process of making a memory permanent and involves physical changes in synaptic structure is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?
Consolidation
Consolidation memory from short to long term requires?
1) Hippocampus
2) Temporal lobes
3) Papez circuit
What is the pathway for the Papez Circuit when consolidating memory from short to long term?
1) Hypothalamus/ Mammillary bodies
2) Anterior thalamus
3) Cingulate cortex
4) Hippocampus
5) Repeat 1-4
Memory is repeatedly sent through what in order to set up conditions required to induce LTP and neuronal plasticity?
The Papez circuit
It appears that long term memories are stored in?
The area of cortex related to the modality of the memory such as visual memory is stored in visual cortex, auditory memory is stored in auditory cortex
Recalling or using the memory and bringing it into working memory is apart of what step in creating declarative memory?
Retreival
Reassembling a long-term memory into a working memory requires?
1) Neocortex
2) Parahippocampal regions
3) Hippocampus
During recalling/retrieving memories, information related to each component of the memory is sent to?
The parahippocampal regions and then to the hippocampus where it is reconstructed
During recalling/retrieving memories, after the memory is reconstructed in the hippocampus where does it go?
Back to the parahippocampus and then to the cortex
What structure is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “trace” of the memory?
Parahippocampus
In the three component model of working memory, what is central executive?
Brain telling you to remember this thing
In the three component model of working memory, what is phonological loop?
Provide/interpret the auditory info associated with memory
In the three component model of working memory, what is visuospatial loop?
Provide/interpret the visual info associated with memory
Ex) I remember that the answer was in the second paragraph of page 9
In the three component model of working memory, where is the central executive?
Prefrontal cortex
In the three component model of working memory, where is the phonological loop?
Broca’s and Wernicke’s
In the three component model of working memory, where is the visuospatial loop?
Occipital cortex associated with vision
A detailed memory of space stored in the hippocampus using special pyramidal cells in CA1 are known as?
Place cells
What are place cells?
Neurons that are active only at specific locations
Grid cells, head direction cells, and border neuron cells all send their inputs to?
Hippocampus and synapse on place cells
What do grid cells do?
Create a map of place you are in
What do head direction cells do?
What direction was my head pointing to see the area
What do border neurons do?
Most excited when close to walls (borders)
What type of memory deals with a special map in hippocampus and codes for the physical space of the memory?
Spatial memory
