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NE Exam 3 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Most endocrine organs lack a lumenn (free surface) except for?

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

What are the hormones that the hypothalamus releases that stimulate or inhibit the release of other hormones form the anterior pituitary?

A

Tropic hormones

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3
Q

What structure is comprised of glandular epithelial cells controlled by neurohormones released from hypothalamus?

A

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What structure is comprised of axons that carry ADH and oxytocin for storage and release from hypothalamus along with support cells?

A

Posterior pituitary

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5
Q

What type of cell secretes growth hormones?

A

Somatotropic cells

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6
Q

What type of cell secretes TSH?

A

Thyrotropic cells

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7
Q

What type of cell secretes ACTH and MSH?

A

Corticotropic cells

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8
Q

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete stress related hormones and mediate metabolism?

A

ACTH

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9
Q

What stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin?

A

MSH

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10
Q

What type of cell secretes FSH and LH that act on gonads?

A

Gonadotropic cells

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11
Q

What type of cell secretes prolactin that stimulates milk production?

A

Mammotropic cells

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12
Q

Somatotrophs and mammotrophs fall under what type of cell type?

A

Acidophils

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13
Q

Corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs fall under what type of cell type?

A

Basophils

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14
Q

What part of the anterior pituitary contains acidophils, basophils, chromophobes, and sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Pars Distalis

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15
Q

What part of the anterior pituitary is rudimentary in adults, contains small basophils and colloid filled follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium, and is frequently has a remnant of lumen of Rathke’s pouch?

A

Pars Intermedia

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16
Q

What part of the posterior pituitary is continuous with median eminence of the hypothalamus via infundibular stalk, stores and releases hormones, and consists of Herring bodies, pituicytes, and fenestrated capillaries?

A

Pars Nervosa

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17
Q

What are expanded axonal nerve terminals that store ADH and oxytocin?

A

Herring bodies

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18
Q

What hormone targets the kidney and regulates sodium/water retention?

A

ADH

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19
Q

What hormone targets uterine smooth muscle and stimulates lactation; induces birth and may be involved in sexual arousal?

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

What structure has a role in growth, development, and circadian rhythms?

A

Pineal gland

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21
Q

What does the pineal gland synthesize?

A

Melatonin and serotonin

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22
Q

What gland consists of pinealocytes, neuroglia, and calcified granular material?

A

Pineal gland

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23
Q

What type of epithelium are the follicular cells in the thyroid gland?

A

Simple cuboidal to columnar

24
Q

What are the follicular cells in the thyroid gland surrounded by?

A

Colloid

25
Q

What does colloid contain?

A

Thyroglobulin

26
Q

Thyroglobulin is the storage form of what thyroid hormones?

A

T3 and T4

27
Q

What is the only gland to store hormone outside the cell?

A

Thyroid

28
Q

Where do the parafollicular C cells reside?

A

Just outside the follicles

29
Q

What do parafollicular C cells secrete when blood levels of calcium are high?

A

Calcitonin

30
Q

What are the major targets of calcitonin?

A

Kidneys and bone to decrease calcium

31
Q

What pathology is caused by abnormal Abs stimulating TSH receptors causing over secretion of T3 and T4?

The patient presents with elevated metabolism, sweating, rapid heart rate, weight loss, eyeballs may protrude and is more common in women.

A

Grave’s disease

32
Q

What pathology is caused by insufficient T3 and T4 production and often an autoimmune disease causing follicle cell death?

Patient presents with low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, chilliness, edema, and mental sluggish.

A

Hypothyroidism

33
Q

What pathology causes thyroid enlargement most commonly due to iodine deficiency along with follicle cells keep producing thyroglobulin but cannot iodinate it to make TH?

A

Goiters

34
Q

What gland is important for regulating serum calcium and phosphate levels?

A

Parathyroid glands

35
Q

What gland consists of chief cells and oxyphil cells?

A

Parathyroid gland

36
Q

What cell in the parathyroid gland releases PTH?

A

Chief (principle) cells

37
Q

When do chief cells release PTH?

A

When blood concentration of calcium falls below normal

38
Q

What are the major targets of PTH?

A

Kidney and bone to increase calcium

39
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex influences sodium and potassium levels?

A

Zona glomerulosa

40
Q

What hormone is released from zona glomerulosa that targets kidney function and is secreted in response to low blood pressure or blood volume?

A

Aldosterone

41
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex influences glucose metabolism and immune system and released under the control of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?

A

Zona fasciculata

42
Q

What is released mainly by the zona fasciculata and deals with stress while mediating glucose metabolism?

A

Cortisol

43
Q

What layer of the adrenal cortex influences secondary sex characteristics?

A

Zona reticularis

44
Q

Chromaffin cells can be found in what structure?

A

Adrenal medulla

45
Q

When stimulated by the sympathetic division of the ANS what population of cells secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Chromaffin cells

46
Q

What suprarenal gland syndrome deals with hyposecretory disorder usually in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?

Patients present with low blood glucose and sodium levels, severe dehydration and low blood pressure along with fatigue and loss of appetite.

A

Addison’s disease

47
Q

What suprarenal gland syndrome is due to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids because of either an ACTH secreting pituitary tumor or a tumor in adrenal cortex?

Patients present with moon face, buffalo hump, high serum glucose levels, protein loss in muscles, muscle weakness, and lethargy

A

Cushing’s syndrome

48
Q

The exocrine portion makes up most of the pancreas, the exocrine cells are organized in structures called?

A

Pancreatic acini

49
Q

The endocrine cells of the pancreas are organized into clusters called?

A

Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans

50
Q

In the pancreas, what secretes glucagon when blood glucose levels drop and stimulates the release of glucose from liver glycogen stores?

A

Alpha cells

51
Q

In the pancreas, what secretes insulin when blood glucose levels are elevated and promotes glycogen storage in liver and entry into cells?

A

Beta cells

52
Q

In the pancreas, what secretes somatostatin slowing the release of insulin and glucagon thereby controlling the rate of nutrient entry into the bloodstream and cells?

A

Delta cells

53
Q

In the pancreas, what secretes pancreatic polypeptide that inhibit the release of somatostatin?

A

F cells

54
Q

What supplies each islet of Langerhans which forms a network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelial cells?

A

Insuloacinar portal system

55
Q

What supplies the pancreatic acini?

A

Acinar vascular system

NE Exam 3 (20 decks)

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