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ne exam 3 > Ibook: Neuroanatomy of Gustation and Olfaction > Flashcards

Ibook: Neuroanatomy of Gustation and Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

What can recognize a wider variety of sensations, the tongue or nose?

A

Nose

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2
Q

What allows us to recognize different tastes other than the 4 basic ones?

A

Few taste receptors in different combinations result in different taste sensations

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3
Q

Where are olfactory receptor neurons found?

A

Olfactory mucosa of the superior portion of the nasal cavity

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4
Q

What type of receptors are odorant receptors?

A

GPCRs

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5
Q

When an odorant receptor is activated where does it send its signal?

A

Olfactory receptor neuron to olfactory bulb

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6
Q

What layer of CT holds lots of immune cells and is important because the mucosa is directly exposed to the external environment?

A

Lamina propria

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7
Q

What cells are superficial to the basement membrane, act as stem cells for olfactory receptor neurons, and have a life span 30-60 days?

A

Basal cells

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8
Q

What has a single dendrite that extends to the mucus layer and its axons travel up to the olfactory bulb through the lamina propria?

A

Olfactory receptor neurons

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9
Q

What cells are ciliated columnar epithelial cells?

A

Brush cells

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10
Q

What is an important characteristic of the cilia of olfactory epithelium?

A

They are non-motile

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11
Q

What is made and secreted by the glands and ducts in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Mucus

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12
Q

When the smell molecule ligands bind to a GPCR it results in the activation of?

A

Adenyl cyclase which results in the increase in cAMP

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13
Q

The increase in cAMP binds ion channels which leads to?

A

Increase in Ca2+ and Na+ influx into the cell (depolarization and AP)

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14
Q

What are the 5 layers of the olfactory bulb?

A

1) Granule cell layer
2) Mitral cell layer
3) External plexiform layer
4) Glomerular layer
5) Olfactory epithelium

GRow My EGO

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15
Q

Where do olfactory receptor neurons pass through in order to synapse with the olfactory bulb?

A

Cribriform plate

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16
Q

How does the olfactory bulb connect to the rest of the brain?

A

Olfactory tract

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17
Q

What reach the olfactory bulb via the anterior commissure?

A

Centrifugal fibers

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18
Q

Afferent projections from olfactory receptor neurons synapse with?

A

Mitral and Tufted cells in the olfactory glomerulus

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19
Q

The axons of an olfactory receptor neuron only synapse in ______, however, _______ has a large number of?

A

The axons of an olfactory receptor neuron only synapse in one glomerulus, however, a single glomerulus has a large number of olfactory receptor neurons synapses within it

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20
Q

Centrifugal fibers have what type of effect on granule cells?

A

Positive

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21
Q

The granule cell has what type of effect on Mitral and Tufted cells?

A

Negative

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22
Q

Increasing Centrifugal fiber activity will indirectly do what?

A

Decrease Mitral and tufted cell activity

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23
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons upregulate the activity of?

A

Mitral/Tufted cells and Periglomerular cells

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24
Q

Periglomerular cells antagonize the activity of?

A

Mitral and olfactory receptor neuron cells

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25
Q

The periglomerular cells have an important role in?

A

Getting used to smells

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26
Q

As olfactory receptor neurons continue to be active, the periglomerular cells respond to?

A

Shut down mitral and tufted cells effectively inhibiting the transmission of info from the environment to the brain

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27
Q

What cell type carries afferent info from olfactory bulb to the brain?

A

Tufted cells

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28
Q

Which cell type carries efferent info form the brain to the olfactory bulb?

A

Centrifugal Fibers

29
Q

A student walks into the room of a patient and notices it smells like garlic. Later the physician check the oral cavity of the patient and they wince under the odor. The student realized they forgot to warn the attending. Why did the student forget?

A

The negative feedback of the granular cells inhibited the propagation of info of the mitral and tufted cells

30
Q

What NT is released by granular cells in the olfactory bulb and has an inhibitory effect?

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

31
Q

Constant stimulation of Mitral and Tufted cells have what type of effect on Granular cells?

A

Positive

32
Q

Activated Granular cells have what type of effect on mitral and tufted cells?

A

Negative

33
Q

The olfactory bulb carries info to the olfactory cortex via?

A

Lateral olfactory tract

34
Q

The cells that are sending their axons to the olfactory cortex through the lateral olfactory tract are?

A

Mitral and Tufted cells

35
Q

Afferent projections from the olfactory bulb go where first?

Where can it go second?

A

1) Olfactory cortex

2) Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

36
Q

If info is directed from the olfactory cortex to the lateral hypothalamus then?

A

The body responds with appropriate feeding behavior

Ex) A person smells warm bread causing them to salivate and become hungry

37
Q

If info is directed from the olfactory cortex to the hippocampus then?

A

The input is linked to learning and behavior

Ex) I smell bad body odor all day no matter where i go. It must be me. I smell. I will shower later.

38
Q

The Neocortex helps with?

A

Discriminating and identifying odors

Ex) This drink smells like coffee, if I drink this it will help me stay awake

39
Q

What helps integrate smell and taste to help humans experience flavors and enjoy food?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

40
Q

Before the brain can react to and respond to smell, how many neurons took part in the transmission of info?

A

Two

41
Q

Patient presents to clinic complaining that when they smell metal they become anxious and suddenly scared. You ask if the smell of KC BBQ makes them hungry to which they respond it always does. Where is the lesion?

A

Part of olfactory cortex is damaged such as the Paleocortex

42
Q

What happens if the left orbitofrontal cortex has a lesion?

A

Unable to differentiate between smells

43
Q

What is the second neuron involved in olfaction?

A

Mitral or Tufted cells

44
Q

What innervates fungiform papillae and anterior foliate papillae on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda Tympani

45
Q

Taste buds on the soft palate are innervated by?

A

Greater superficial petrosal nerve

46
Q

Soluble chemical from food diffuse through a taste pore and bind to receptors on?

A

Apical microvilli of taste cells

47
Q

Afferent fibers of the facial nerve carrying taste sensory info enter the brain stem where?

A

Pontomedullary junction

48
Q

Where are sensory fiber cell bodies of the CN VII located?

These fibers carry taste sensation to?

A

1) Geniculate ganglia

2) Rostral solitary nucleus (AKA Gustatory nucleus)

49
Q

What innervates taste buds in the vallate papillae and posterior foliate papillae?

A

CN IX

50
Q

What innervates taste buds of the epiglottis and espohagus?

A

CN X

51
Q

After synapsing in the solitary nucleus sensory info from the taste buds travels through 2nd order neurons and travel via?

A

Ipsilateral central tegmental tract

52
Q

The central tegmental tract is the highway for?

Where does the gustatory sensory info travel next?

A

1) 2nd order neurons to travel

2) Parvicellular ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPMpc)

53
Q

What happens in the VPMpc?

A

2nd order neurons synapse with 3rd order neurons

54
Q

Where does the gustatory sensory info shuttle to next after VPMpc?
By what route?

A

1) Frontal operculum and anterior insular cortex

2) Ipsilateral posterior limb of the internal capsule

55
Q

What is the specific areas of the frontal operculum and anterior insular cortex that gustatory info arrives at?

A

Brodmann area 3b in post central gyrus

56
Q

The pathway that gustatory sensory info travels is responsible for?

A

Discriminating taste

57
Q

A patient has a negative gag reflex. Where would you expect the patient to have diminished taste sensation?

A

Vallate papillae

58
Q

The gustatory ganglia synapse in what nucleus of the brain stem?

A

Solitary nucleus

59
Q

If a patient has a middle ear infection along with the sense of taste lost what might be lesioned?

A

Chorda tympani

60
Q

What is the term for the decreased sensitivity to odorants?

A

Hyposomia aka Olfactory Hypesthesia

61
Q

What can cause Hyposomia aka Olfactory Hypesthesia ?

A

Nasal polyps

62
Q

What is the term for the loss of smell?

A

Anosmia

63
Q

What is the term for the complete loss of taste?

A

Ageusia

64
Q

What is the term for the decreased taste sensitivity?

A

Hypogeusia

65
Q

What is the term for the perception of taste altered and is commonly due to drug use?

A

Paraguesi/ Dysgeusia

66
Q

A tumor in the internal auditory meatus (vestibular schwannoma) can cause?

A

Lesion of CN VII

67
Q

In terms of taste, lesion of CN VII can result in?

A

Loss of taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue on ipsilateral side

68
Q

Damage to distal geniculate ganglion can result in?

A

Ipsilateral facial paralysis

ne exam 3 (20 decks)

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