Neurophysiology of emotion part 2

Question 1

The circuits that allow us to experience an emotion are the same circuits that?

Answer 1

Allow us to identify that emotion in others

Question 2

The ability to recognize the same emotions in others is the result of?

Answer 2

Activation of the mirror neuron system

Question 3

Mirror neuron systems will fire when?

Answer 3

Both when you do something such as smile and when you see someone else do that same action

Question 4

Damage to the mirror neuron system has been reported in what?

Answer 4

Autism

Question 5

What is innate (unconditioned) fear?

Answer 5

Fear that requires no experience

Question 6

What are the most frequently cited types of innate fears?

Answer 6

Falling and loud noises

Question 7

What is learned (conditioned) fear?

Answer 7

Learned from experience

Question 8

How can learned fear be indirect?

Answer 8

Watching someone else experience a frightening thing can cause the same reaction in you

Question 9

Processing and recognition of social cues related to fear is due to what structure?

Answer 9

Amygdala

Question 10

The sensory inputs used to create fear arrive at the amygdala by two pathways, which pathway mediates a rapid response?

Answer 10

The direct thalamo-amygdaloid pathway which goes from thalamus to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Question 11

The sensory inputs used to create fear arrive at the amygdala by two pathways, which pathway mediates a later response?

Answer 11

The indirect thalamo-cortico-amygdaloid pathway which goes from thalamus to cortex to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Question 12

Both rapid and later response pathways inputs arrive at?

Answer 12

Lateral nucleus of amygdala

Question 13

If a person is given an electric shock after hearing a sound, what integrates these inputs and pairs them?

Answer 13

Lateral nucleus of amygdala

Question 14

Where does the paired info from the lateral nucleus of amygdala get sent to?
What happens to the paired info?

Answer 14

1) The basal and intercalated nuclei of amygdala

2) Gets stronger

Question 15

Paired info from the lateral, basal, and intercalated nuclei is sent to?

Answer 15

Central nucleus of the amygdala

Question 16

What does the central nucleus of the amygdala do?

Answer 16

Decides what responses are required and relays info appropriately to other parts of brain

Question 17

What part of the brain gets majority of the info from the central nucleus of the amygdala?

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

What is damaged when conditioning related to fear does not occur?

Answer 18

Amygdala

Question 19

What structure is anger mediated through?

Answer 19

Amygdala

Question 20

What is anger most likely to be associated with?

Answer 20

Fear

Question 21

What does anger require in order to happen?

Answer 21

Dopamine acting D2 receptors within the amygdala

Question 22

If you block the D2 receptors what happens?

Answer 22

Anger cannot be recognized

Question 23

What is the neocortex important in?

Answer 23

Inhibiting anger

Question 24

The ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei and Septal nuclei are involved in what?

Answer 24

Suppressing the acting out of anger (not the actual experience of anger)

Question 25

What is designed to do the opposite of the pleasure/reward pathway?

Answer 25

Avoidance

Question 26

Avoidance prevents the occurrence of a behavior that has?

Answer 26

Short term rewards but long-term negative consequences

Question 27

What structures work together to create avoidance?

Answer 27

1) Lateral posterior hypothalamus
2) Dorsal midbrain
3) Entorhinal cortex

Question 28

Sadness is involved with what structure?

Answer 28

Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 29

When is the anterior cingulate cortex strongly activated?

Answer 29

When recalling sad events

Question 30

The processing and recognition of social cues related to disgust is involved with what structure?

Answer 30

1) Insular Cortex

2) Putamen

Question 31

What can cause damage to the putamen leading to the inability to recognize disgust in others?

Answer 31

Huntington’s disease

Question 32

Surprise is strongly associated with what structure?

Answer 32

Parahippocampal gyrus