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NE Exam 3 > Hypothalamic and Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 2 > Flashcards

Hypothalamic and Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone

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2
Q

What does the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete?

A

Cortisol and androgens (DHEAS)

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3
Q

What do the medulla chromaffin cells secrete?

A

Epi and NE

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4
Q

The hypothalamic, pituitary, adrenal (HPA) axis is under negative feedback control by?

A

Cortisol

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5
Q

What is cortisol’s action on the immune system?

A

Suppression

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6
Q

What is cortisol’s action on the liver?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

What is cortisol’s action on muscle?

A

Protein catabolism

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8
Q

What is cortisol’s action on adipose tissue?

A

Lipolysis

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9
Q

When are the secretory rates of cortisol high and low?

A

High in morning and low at night

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10
Q

Moon face, buffalo hump, excess weight gain in abdomen, and dark red or purple stretch marks are signs of what condition?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

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11
Q

What type of dexamethasone suppression test differentiates patients with cushing syndrome of any cause from patients who do not have it?

A

Low-dose

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12
Q

In a low dose dexamethasone suppression test what indicates cushing’s syndrome?

A

No ACTH suppression

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13
Q

What type of dexamethasone suppression test differentiates patients with cushing syndrome caused by pituitary ACTH secreting tumor or not?

A

High-dose

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14
Q

In a high dose dexamethasone suppression test, low ACTH means?

A

Pituitary tumor

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15
Q

In a high dose dexamethasone suppression test, no change in ACTH means?

A

Ectopic tumor

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16
Q

Iatrogenic cushing’s syndrome is caused by?

A

Exogenous glucocorticoid excess

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17
Q

What is derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)?

A

ACTH

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18
Q

Increased ACTH and hyperpigmentation can be seen in what condition?

A

Addison’s disease

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19
Q

Cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH) stimulation test is used to detect?

A

Adrenal gland insufficneincy

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20
Q

Both cortisol and aldosterone secretion is decreased in what type of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency (something wrong at adrenal cortex)

21
Q

Cortisol is decreased but renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is still active in what type of adrenal insufficiency?

A

Secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency (something wrong at anterior pituitary or Hypothalamus)

22
Q

An adrenal hemorrhage such as Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, tuberculosis, or N. meningitidis can cause?

A

Addison’s disease (primary adrenal insufficiency)

23
Q

Fludrocortisone is used as a treatment of adrenal insufficiency to replace?

A

Aldosterone

24
Q

Corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone, prednison, or dexamethasone are used as a treatment of adrenal insufficiency to replace?

A

Cortisol

25
Q

Patients with increased plasma cortisol, decreased plasma CRH, decreased plasma ACTH, and no hyperpigmentation results in what disorder?

A

Primary adrenal excess

26
Q

Patients with increased plasma cortisol, decreased plasma CRH, increased plasma ACTH, and hyperpigmentation results in what disorder?

A

Secondary pituitary excess

27
Q

Patients with decreased plasma cortisol, increased plasma CRH, increased plasma ACTH, and hyperpigmentation results in what disorder?

A

Primary deficiency

28
Q

Patients with decreased plasma cortisol, increased plasma CRH, decreased plasma ACTH, and no hyperpigmentation results in what disorder?

A

Secondary deficiency

29
Q

Patients with decreased plasma cortisol, decreased plasma CRH, decreased plasma ACTH, and no hyperpigmentation results in what disorder?

A

Steroid administration (synthetics other than cortisol)

30
Q

Excessive release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex such as Conn’s is seen in?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

31
Q

Adenoma in the adrenal cortex is seen in what condition?

A

Conn’s syndrome

32
Q

Excessive renin secretion by the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney is seen in?

A

Secondary hyperaldosteronism

33
Q

Destruction of the adrenal cortex, defects in aldosterone synthesis, and inadequate stimulation of aldosterone secretion is seen in?

A

Hypoaldosteronism

34
Q

An increase in plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and decrease in plasma renin activity (PRA) results in a ratio that is used to detect?

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

35
Q

When cholesterol is stimulated by 21-hydroxylase, 11-hydroxylase, 18-hydroxylase, and then 18-oxidase it results in what hormone?

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

When cholesterol is stimulated by 17-hydroxylase, 21-hydroxylase, and 11-hydroxylase it results in what hormone?

A

Cortisol

37
Q

The mineralocorticoid receptor is protected from activation by cortisol by what enzyme?

A

11beta-HSD2

38
Q

All congenital adrenal enzyme deficiencies are characterized by an enlargement of both adrenal glands due to?

A

Increased ACTH stimulation due to decrease in cortisol

39
Q

What enzyme is deficient in congenital adrenal hyperplasia when mineralocorticoids are increased, cortisol is decreased, sex hormones are decreased, blood pressure is increased, and potassium concentration is decreased?

A

17alpha

40
Q

What enzyme is deficient in congenital adrenal hyperplasia when mineralocorticoids are decreased, cortisol is decreased, sex hormones are increased, blood pressure is decreased, and potassium concentration is increased?

A

21beta

41
Q

What enzyme is deficient in congenital adrenal hyperplasia when mineralocorticoids are variable, cortisol is decreased, sex hormones are increased, blood pressure is increased, and potassium concentration is decreased?

A

11beta

42
Q

Most pheochromocytoma are benign, unilateral adrenal tumors that secret catecholamine that stimulate?

A

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

43
Q

What upregulates PNMT enzyme?

A

Cortisol

44
Q

What is the chemical signal for secretion of catecholamine from the adrenal medulla?

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

What is a major enzyme involved in the degradation of catecholamines?

A

COMT

46
Q

Alpha and Beta-3 adrenergic receptors respond better to Epi or NE?

A

NE

47
Q

Beta-1 adrenergic receptors respond better to Epi or NE?

A

Equal

48
Q

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors respond better to Epi or NE?

A

Epi

NE Exam 3 (20 decks)

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