Auditory and Vestibular System

Question 1

The mechanical displacement of the cochlear hair cell stereocilia towards the kinocilium elicits what events?

Answer 1

1) Influx of K+ through membranes of cilia

2) Influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Question 2

A mechanical injury to the basilar membrane in the inner ear has occurred. The site of damage is in a region nearest to the oval window. This lesion will result in what?

Answer 2

A loss of hearing high frequencies

Question 3

Motion of the endolymph in the semicircular canals when the head is held still will result in the perception of what?

Answer 3

Continued rotation

Question 4

Which brain stem structure plays a major role in determining the direction from which a sound originates?

Answer 4

Superior olivary nucleus

Question 5

Rotation in the horizontal plane is best detected by?

Answer 5

The horizontal semicircular canal

Question 6

Rotation in the vertical plane falling backwards maximally activates?

Answer 6

The posterior semicircular canal

Question 7

Rotation in the vertical plane falling forwards maximally activates?

Answer 7

The anterior semicircular canal

Question 8

What detects linear acceleration forward and backward (running)?

Answer 8

Utricle

Question 9

What detects linear acceleration up and down (jumping)?

Answer 9

Saccule

Question 10

In the basilar membrane the one row of inner hair cells is?

Answer 10

Primary source of auditory information

Question 11

In the basilar membrane the three rows of outer hair cells are?

Answer 11

Amplifiers so that inner hair cells have a stronger signal to send to the brain

Question 12

Inner hair cells receive afferent innervation from the?

Answer 12

Spiral ganglia

Question 13

Outer hair cells receive efferent innervation from?

Answer 13

Superior olivary complex

Question 14

What row of hair cells detects otoacoustic emissions?

Answer 14

Outer hair cells

Question 15

What happens when soundwaves hits stapes and cases it to move?

Answer 15

Scala vestibuli pressure falls below scala tympani pressure

Question 16

Scala vestibuli pressure falling below scala tympani pressure causes?

Answer 16

Basilar membrane bowing upward

Question 17

Depolarization of outer hair cells activates intracellular contractile proteins, which accentuates?

Answer 17

1) Upward movement of the basilar membrane

2) Makes waves in endolymph

Question 18

Depolarization of inner hair cells causes?

Answer 18

Opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels

Question 19

What happens following deflection of the stereocilia?

Answer 19

K+ ions enter the cell and depolarize it

Question 20

What does the scala media have in terms of charge?

Answer 20

A high positive charge

Question 21

What maintains the electrochemical properties of the endolymph?

Answer 21

Stria vascularis

Question 22

Decreased concentration of K+ in the endolymph compared to normal is seen when?

Answer 22

The stria vascularis is damaged

Question 23

What integrates the acoustic information with somatosensory information?

Answer 23

Dorsal cochlear nuclei

Question 24

What begins processing the temporal (time components) and spectral (tone) features of sound?

Answer 24

Ventral cochlear nuclei

Question 25

The superior olivary complex receives what type of input?

Answer 25

Glutamatergic (excitatory)

Question 26

The superior colliculus takes location data from the IC and adds what final dimension to create a spatial map of the sound’s location?

Answer 26

Vertical height

Question 27

Information about time and intensity differences converse into where to help create a precise origin of sound location along the horizon?

Answer 27

Inferior colliculus

Question 28

The inferior colliculus suppresses information related to what?

Answer 28

Echoes

Question 29

What is a relay station in the auditory pathway and has lots of convergence form distinct spectral and temporal pathways, allowing for processing features of speech inflections?

Answer 29

Medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Question 30

What is essential in conscious perception of sound and the higher order processing of sound (loudness, modulations in volume, rate of frequency modulation)?

Answer 30

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

Question 31

What area is thought to respond to more complex sounds such as music, naming a sound, and human speech?

Answer 31

Auditoyr (secondary) association cortex

Question 32

Rostral areas of auditory cortexes are activated by?

Answer 32

Low frequencies

Question 33

Caudal areas of auditory cortexes are activated by?

Answer 33

High frequencies

Question 34

The hair cells in the oval window are best at detecting?

Answer 34

High frequency

Question 35

The hair cells in the helicotrema are best at detecting?

Answer 35

Low frequency

Question 36

If the frequency of vibration is near oval window, the basilar membrane is?

Answer 36

Narrow and stiff

Question 37

If the frequency of vibration is near helicotrema, the basilar membrane is?

Answer 37

Wide and flexible

Question 38

What ion channel on stereocilia tips are opened when the tip links joining the stereocilia are stretched?

Answer 38

TRPA1

Question 39

Incoming Ca2+ from voltage gated calcium channels leads to the release of?

Answer 39

NT from synaptic vesicles