Hypothalamic and Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback part 1 Flashcards
What is the physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?
Hypophyseal stalk
Tumors in the pituitary expand and put pressure on what nerve?
Optic nerve
What nuclei send their axons into the posterior pituitary?
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
In the posterior pituitary what secretes ADH?
Supraoptic nucleus
In the posterior pituitary what secretes Oxytocin?
Paraventricular nucleus
What are the six hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes?
1) ACTH
2) TSH
3) LH
4) FSH
5) GH
6) Prolactin
What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland and is where hormones are sent through?
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels
TRH in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?
1) Thyrotrophs
2) TSH
CRF in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?
1) Corticotrophs
2) ACTH
GnRH in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?
1) Gonadotrophs
2) FSH and LH
GHRH and somatostatin in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?
1) Somatroprophs
2) GH
PIF and TRH in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?
1) Lactotrophs
2) Prolactin
Low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the peripheral endocrine gland is considered what type of endocrine disorder?
Primary
Low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the pituitary gland is considered what type of endocrine disorder?
Secondary
Low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the hypothalamus is considered what type of endocrine disorder?
Tertiary
Extreme energy deficits such as starcation, extreme exercise, and depression has what effect on GnRH function?
Inhibitory
Normal menstrual cycle depends on what?
LH and FSH
What do FSH and LH do?
Promote estrogen/progesterone in females and testosterone in males
What disease is characterized by excessive growth of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone in the face/hands/feet and develops very gradually and may not be recognized until it has been present for many years?
Acromegaly
What is the underlying physiology associated with acromegaly?
Excessive growth hormone in adult life
What are the targets for growth hormone?
Liver and bone
What is growth hormone inhibited by?
Somatostatin and IGF-1
What effect does starvation, hypoglycemia, exercise, and sleep have on GH?
Stimulates it
A patient develops what when there is excess GH before puberty?
Gigantism
A patient develops what when there is excess GH after puberty?
Acromegaly
What happens to IGF-1 when there is high carb and high protein intake?
Produced
What happens to IGF-1 when there is high carb but low protein intake?
Not produced
Mitogenesis, lipolysis and differentiation all occur under what condition?
When the liver produces IGF-1
Lipogenesis and carbohydrate storage all occur under what conditions?
When the liver does not produce IGF-1
What happens to IGF-1 when there is low carb and high protein intake?
Produced
A patient can be diagnosed with what disease if they have high serum IGF-1, fail to suppress serum GH, and have pituitary enlargement on MRI?
Acromegaly
Prolactin is under tonic inhibition by?
Hypothalamic dopamine
What does prolactin suppress?
GnRH
What does pregnancy, breast-feeding, sleep, stress, and TRH do to PRL secretion?
Stimulates it
What does dopamine, dopamine agonists, and somatostatin do to PRL secretion?
Inhibits it
How does hypopituitarism affect GH?
Short stature in children
How does hypopituitarism affect FSH and LH?
Infertility in men and menstrual irregularity in women
How does hypopituitarism affect TSH?
Hypothryroidism
How does hypopituitarism affect ACTH?
Loss of pigmentation
How does hypopituitarism affect ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
What are the main causes of hypopituitarism?
1) Brain damage (TBI, Hemorrhage, stroke)
2) Pituitary tumors
What are the actions of oxytocin?
1) Milk ejection
2) Uterine contraction
