Intro to the Endocrine system Flashcards
What Endocrine organ produces ADH, oxytocin, TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, Dopamine, and somatostatin?
Hypothalamus
What Endocrine organ produces ACTH, TSH, growth hormone, Prolactin, FSH, LH, and MSH?
Anterior pituatary gland
What Endocrine organ releases oxytocin and ADH?
Posterior pituitary gland
What hormones do the parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone
What Endocrine organ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Adrenal medulla
What Endocrine organ produces cortisol, aldosterone, androgens?
Adrenal cortex
What Endocrine organ produces melatonin?
Pineal gland
What Endocrine organ produces thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin (CT)?
Thyroid gland
What Endocrine organ produces thymopoietin?
Thymus
What Endocrine organ produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?
Pancreateic islets
What Endocrine organ produces estrogen, progestins, inhibin, and relaxin?
Ovaries
What Endocrine organ produces testosterone and inhibin?
Testes
What are some hormones modified by peripheral conversion?
Angiotensin II and vitamin D
What Endocrine organ produces renin?
Kidney
What Endocrine organ produces hCG, hPL, Estriol, and progesterone?
Placenta
What Endocrine organ produces estradiol and progesterone?
Corpus luteum
Which class of hormone are water soluble?
Protein/peptide hormones
What are steroid hormones synthesized from?
Cholesterol
Which class of hormones are lipid-soluble?
Steroid hormones
Where are steroid hormones stored?
They are not stored
What are Amines hormones derived from?
Tyrosine
Where are preprohormone modified in to become prohormone?
ER
Which amine hormone is synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules and it acts through cell membrane associated receptors?
Catecholamines
Which amine hormone is stored as thyroglobulin in follicles within the gland and it crosses cell membrane and acts through nuclear receptors?
Thyroid hormones
Will the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine bind to proteins?
Yes
Will the steroid hormones cortisol, testosterone, and aldosterone bind to proteins?
1) Yes
2) Yes
3) Not likely
Will the protein hormones thyrotropin, insulin, and ADH bind to proteins?
Not likely
What is the plasma half life of thyroxine?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 6 days
2) 0.7 ml/min
What is the plasma half life of triiodothyronine?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 1 day
2) 18 ml/min
What is the plasma half life of cortisol?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 100 min
2) 140 ml/min
What is the plasma half life of testosterone?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 85 min
2) 860 ml/min
What is the plasma half life of aldosterone?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 25 min
2) 1100 ml/min
What is the plasma half life of thyrotropin?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 50 min
2) 50 ml/min
What is the plasma half life of insulin?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 8 min
2) 800 ml/min
What is the plasma half life of ADH?
Metabolic clearance?
1) 8 min
2) 600 ml/min
Some feature of hormone action causes additional secretion of the hormone describes what term?
Positive endocrine feedback
Due to its uncommoness in biologic systems, when positive feedback does occur it leads to an explosive event such as?
1) Ovulation
2) Labor contractions
Some feature of hormone action inhibits further secretion of the hormone describes what term?
Negative endocrine feedback
A hormone released from peripheral endocrine gland (3rd tier) feeds back all the way to the hypothalamus (1st) and the pituitary (2nd) is an example of?
Long-loop feedback
A hormone that is secreted from the 2nd tier and then feeds back to the 1st tier is an example of?
Short-loop feedback
A gland that inhibits its own secretion is known as?
Ultra short loop feedback
What is a major input to the hypothalamus that imposes a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What is a major input to the hypothalamus that releases melatonin which feedbacks to the SCN info about day and night?
Pineal gland
What is increased during upregulation?
Decreased?
1) Synthesis of new receptors
2) Degradation of existing receptors
What is increased during down-regulation?
Decreased?
1) Degradation of existing receptors
2) Receptor synthesis
In the adenylyl cyclase mechanism:
1) What are the 1st messengers?
2) What is the primary effector?
3) What are the 2nd messenger?
4) What is the secondary effector?
1) ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon
2) Adenylyl cyclase
3) cAMP
4) PKA
In the PLC mechanism:
1) What are the 1st messengers?
2) What is the primary effector?
3) What are the 2nd messenger?
4) What is the secondary effector?
1) GnRH, TRH, oxytocin
2) PLC
3) IP3/DAG/Ca2+
4) PKC or calmodulin
Guanylyl cyclase activation converts GTP to?
cGMP
What does cGMP activate?
cGMP kinases (ANP)
What does cGMP kinases (ANP) do?
Results in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (NO)
