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NE Exam 3 > Intro to the Endocrine system > Flashcards

Intro to the Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What Endocrine organ produces ADH, oxytocin, TRH, CRH, GHRH, GnRH, Dopamine, and somatostatin?

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What Endocrine organ produces ACTH, TSH, growth hormone, Prolactin, FSH, LH, and MSH?

A

Anterior pituatary gland

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3
Q

What Endocrine organ releases oxytocin and ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

What hormones do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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5
Q

What Endocrine organ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

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6
Q

What Endocrine organ produces cortisol, aldosterone, androgens?

A

Adrenal cortex

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7
Q

What Endocrine organ produces melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

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8
Q

What Endocrine organ produces thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Calcitonin (CT)?

A

Thyroid gland

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9
Q

What Endocrine organ produces thymopoietin?

A

Thymus

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10
Q

What Endocrine organ produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin?

A

Pancreateic islets

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11
Q

What Endocrine organ produces estrogen, progestins, inhibin, and relaxin?

A

Ovaries

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12
Q

What Endocrine organ produces testosterone and inhibin?

A

Testes

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13
Q

What are some hormones modified by peripheral conversion?

A

Angiotensin II and vitamin D

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14
Q

What Endocrine organ produces renin?

A

Kidney

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15
Q

What Endocrine organ produces hCG, hPL, Estriol, and progesterone?

A

Placenta

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16
Q

What Endocrine organ produces estradiol and progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

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17
Q

Which class of hormone are water soluble?

A

Protein/peptide hormones

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18
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

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19
Q

Which class of hormones are lipid-soluble?

A

Steroid hormones

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20
Q

Where are steroid hormones stored?

A

They are not stored

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21
Q

What are Amines hormones derived from?

A

Tyrosine

22
Q

Where are preprohormone modified in to become prohormone?

A

ER

23
Q

Which amine hormone is synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules and it acts through cell membrane associated receptors?

A

Catecholamines

24
Q

Which amine hormone is stored as thyroglobulin in follicles within the gland and it crosses cell membrane and acts through nuclear receptors?

A

Thyroid hormones

25
Q

Will the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine bind to proteins?

A

Yes

26
Q

Will the steroid hormones cortisol, testosterone, and aldosterone bind to proteins?

A

1) Yes
2) Yes
3) Not likely

27
Q

Will the protein hormones thyrotropin, insulin, and ADH bind to proteins?

A

Not likely

28
Q

What is the plasma half life of thyroxine?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 6 days

2) 0.7 ml/min

29
Q

What is the plasma half life of triiodothyronine?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 1 day

2) 18 ml/min

30
Q

What is the plasma half life of cortisol?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 100 min

2) 140 ml/min

31
Q

What is the plasma half life of testosterone?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 85 min

2) 860 ml/min

32
Q

What is the plasma half life of aldosterone?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 25 min

2) 1100 ml/min

33
Q

What is the plasma half life of thyrotropin?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 50 min

2) 50 ml/min

34
Q

What is the plasma half life of insulin?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 8 min

2) 800 ml/min

35
Q

What is the plasma half life of ADH?

Metabolic clearance?

A

1) 8 min

2) 600 ml/min

36
Q

Some feature of hormone action causes additional secretion of the hormone describes what term?

A

Positive endocrine feedback

37
Q

Due to its uncommoness in biologic systems, when positive feedback does occur it leads to an explosive event such as?

A

1) Ovulation

2) Labor contractions

38
Q

Some feature of hormone action inhibits further secretion of the hormone describes what term?

A

Negative endocrine feedback

39
Q

A hormone released from peripheral endocrine gland (3rd tier) feeds back all the way to the hypothalamus (1st) and the pituitary (2nd) is an example of?

A

Long-loop feedback

40
Q

A hormone that is secreted from the 2nd tier and then feeds back to the 1st tier is an example of?

A

Short-loop feedback

41
Q

A gland that inhibits its own secretion is known as?

A

Ultra short loop feedback

42
Q

What is a major input to the hypothalamus that imposes a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

43
Q

What is a major input to the hypothalamus that releases melatonin which feedbacks to the SCN info about day and night?

A

Pineal gland

44
Q

What is increased during upregulation?

Decreased?

A

1) Synthesis of new receptors

2) Degradation of existing receptors

45
Q

What is increased during down-regulation?

Decreased?

A

1) Degradation of existing receptors

2) Receptor synthesis

46
Q

In the adenylyl cyclase mechanism:

1) What are the 1st messengers?
2) What is the primary effector?
3) What are the 2nd messenger?
4) What is the secondary effector?

A

1) ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, glucagon
2) Adenylyl cyclase
3) cAMP
4) PKA

47
Q

In the PLC mechanism:

1) What are the 1st messengers?
2) What is the primary effector?
3) What are the 2nd messenger?
4) What is the secondary effector?

A

1) GnRH, TRH, oxytocin
2) PLC
3) IP3/DAG/Ca2+
4) PKC or calmodulin

48
Q

Guanylyl cyclase activation converts GTP to?

A

cGMP

49
Q

What does cGMP activate?

A

cGMP kinases (ANP)

50
Q

What does cGMP kinases (ANP) do?

A

Results in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (NO)

NE Exam 3 (20 decks)

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