Neurology

Question 1

Tetanus/aetiology, pathogenesis/dog?

o Clostridium tetani infection -> encephalitis -> spastic paralysis
o Anaerobe wound + Clostridium tetani infection -> tetanospasmin-formation -> GABA and glicin inhibition
o Enteral absorption of tetanospasmin -> neuromuscular paralytic effect
o Enteral absorption of tetanospasmin -> GABA and glicin activation

Answer 1

o Anaerobe wound + Clostridium tetani infection -> tetanospasmin-formation -> GABA and glicin inhibition

Question 2

Difference in rabies and Aujeszky´s disease symptoms in dog and cat?

o Paresthesia is common in Aujeszky´s disease, offensive behaviour is common in rabies
o Strabismus and ascending limb paralysis are common in Aujeszky´s disease, paresthesia is common in rabies
o Swallowing disorder does not occur in Aujeszky´s disease only in rabies. The aquifer is typical of Aujeszky´s disease
o Rabies in cats does not occur, only Aujeszky´s disease

Answer 2

o Paresthesia is common in Aujeszky´s disease, offensive behaviour is common in rabies

Question 3

Rabies vs. Aujeszky’s disease/differences in symptoms/dog and cat?

o Anisocoria and paresthesia are common in Aujeszky’s disease, attacking behaviour is common in rabies
o Strabismus and ascending limb paralysis are common in Aujeszky’s diseases, paresthesia is common in rabies
o Dysphagia do not occur in Aujeszky’s diseases, only in rabies, Lung oedema is characteristic in Aujesky’s disease
o Rabies does not occur in cats, only Aujeszky occurs in cats

Answer 3

o Anisocoria and paresthesia are common in Aujeszky’s disease, attacking behaviour is common in rabies

Question 4

Which medicine can be used to relieve seizures?

o Diazepam
o Propofol
o Both
o None

Answer 4

o Both

Question 5

What is the most likely cause of a seizure in a young adult dog?

o Congenital heart disease
o Primary epilepsy
o Portosystemic shunt
o Brain tumor

Answer 5

o Primary epilepsy

Question 6

Lurking of rabies (if they mean incubation)

o It is usually 2-3months, but can be shorter or longer, depending on the location of the infection
o Symptoms of OA rabies develop within 3-7 days after infection
o OA rabies incubation period is very short, symptoms occur within 1-2 days after infection
o Usually 1-2 weeks, but can be shorter if the milling has hit the first limbs

Answer 6

o It is usually 2-3months, but can be shorter or longer, depending on the location of the infection

Question 7

Which statement is true for congenital hydrocephalus?

o A hydrocephalus is common in flatal (less than 1 year) individuals of large dogs
o Ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation in dogs may be used for palliative symptomatic treatment
o Glucocorticoid and diuretic therapy is contraindicated in individuals with high intracranial pressure
o Hydrocephalus is very rare in flatal (less than 1 year) individuals of small dogs

Answer 7

o Ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation in dogs may be used for palliative symptomatic treatment

Question 8

A 3-year-old Labrador has experienced 2 seizures in the last 2 months. Other than that, nothing did not detect any abnormality in his dog. What is the most likely diagnosis?

o Idiopathic epilepsy
o Structural epilepsy, presumably due to a congenital brain disorder.
o Reactive epileptic seizures due to compulsive eating in labradors.
o Portosystemic shunt (given the age of animal)

Answer 8

o Idiopathic epilepsy

Question 9

Which spinal disease is painful?

o Discopathy
o Fibrocartilago embolism
o Degenerative myelopathy
o Wobbler syndrome

Answer 9

o Discopathy

Question 10

Where is the most characteristic localization of vertebral body tumors?

o In the middle of the third vertebral bodies
o In end plates
o Multifidarius processes
o Articular process

Answer 10

o In the middle of the third vertebral bodies

Question 11

The modified Glasgow coma scale assesses brain damage based on;

o Pupil size, motor activity, state on consciousness
o Pupillaray reaction, motor activity, brainstem reflexes
o Brainstem flexes, motor activity, state of consciousness
o Pupil size, brainstem reflexes, state of consciousness

Answer 11

o Brainstem flexes, motor activity, state of consciousness

Question 12

How can we diagnose deep pain?

o To tighten/pinch patient’s finger
o The patient squeezed his finger, stretching out the limb on the opposite side
o After pinching/squeezing a patient’s finger, he pulls out, turns his head, vocalizes, tries to bite.
o After painful stimulation, the M.cutaneus trunci contracts

Answer 12

o After pinching/squeezing a patient’s finger, he pulls out, turns his head, vocalizes, tries to bite.

Question 13

What means cervical malformation & malarticulation?

o Wobbler syndrome
o Cauda equina syndrome
o Perthes disease
o Sever’s disease

Answer 13

o Wobbler syndrome

Question 14

What situation does taken CSF sample help diagnosis

Answer 14

o Meningitis

Question 15

Why are cats sensitive to pyrethrins?

Answer 15

o Hepatic glucuronidase activity is low → decr. metabolism → toxicosis (seizures/tremors)

Question 16

Which instrumental additional test is best for diagnosing fibrocartilago embolism

o X-ray
o CT
o MRI
o Liqour cytology

Answer 16

o MRI

Question 17

Which cannot be a symptom of transverse myelopathy

o	partiality 
o	lameness
o	Ataxia
o	Hyperreflexia 
o	Proprioceptive disorder

Answer 17

o Ataxia

Question 18

Which is not true for degenerative myelopathy?

o It is a nutritional problem
o Slowly progressive axonal degeneration and demyelinisation
o Most frequent is older german shepherd dogs
o No curative treatment

Answer 18

o It is a nutritional problem

Question 19

Cervicalstenotic myelopathy/ diagnostics

o Measuring vitamin E and selenium
o CSF sampling
o Cervical CT examination
o Myelography

Answer 19

o Myelography

Question 20

What disease is this dog suffering from ? (terrier on a table, lateral recumbency)

o Aujeszky disease
o Botulism
o Meningioencephalitis
o Tetanus

Answer 20

o Botulism

Question 21

Prevention of epilepticseizures/medication/dog?

o Diazepam, dexamethasone, phenytoin
o Phenobarbital, potassium-bromide
o Nitrazepam, progabide, phenobarbital

Answer 21

o Phenobarbital, potassium-bromide

Question 22

Rabies/incubation period?

o Usually 2-4 weeks, but can be shorter or longer, depends on which body part was infected
o Symptoms start 3-10 days after infection
o Incubation period is very short, symptoms start 1-2 days after infection
o Usually 2-4 months, but can be longer if the hind limbs of the patient had been bitten

Answer 22

o Usually 2-4 months, but can be longer if the hind limbs of the patient had been bitten

Question 23

Neurophysiologic background of botulism?

o Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited released of GABA at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
o Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
o General muscular paralysis due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings
o Paralysis of striated muscles due to inhibited release of GABA at postsynaptic motor n. endings

Answer 23

o Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings

Question 24

D-vitamin toxicity/Which of the below statements is false?

o In dogs it is more frequent, because cats have higher tolerance to vitamin D
o Chronic vit D-toxicity causes transient hypercalcaemia, soft tissue calcification, mineralisation of long bones
o Acute D-vit toxicity causes vomiting, hypercalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, ataxia, epileptiform seizures
o Useful in D-vit toxicosis, treatment: charcoal, IV fluid therapy, sucralphate, prednisolone, furosemide

Answer 24

o Acute D-vit toxicity causes vomiting, hypercalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, ataxia, epileptiform seizures

Question 25

Rabies vs. Aujeszky’s disease/course/dog and cat?

o Overlapping between the course of the two diseases is possible
o The course of Aujeszky’s disease is always longer in comparison to rabies
o The course of these two diseases is usually longer than one week
o The course of these two diseases is usually shorter than one day

Answer 25

o Overlapping between the course of the two diseases is possible

Question 26

Idiopathic headshaking/cause

o Bad habit
o Trigeminal neuralgia
o Tooth problem
o Sensitivity to flies

Answer 26

o Trigeminal neuralgia

Question 27

Tetanus/Dog/Which statement is not true?

o Tetanus can be diagnosed simply based on the history and clinical signs
o Saw-horses posture is characteristic for the disease
o Diazepam can be administered as sedative agent both intravenously and rectally
o Partial tetanus is more common than the generalised form

Answer 27

o Partial tetanus is more common than the generalised form

Question 28

On this schematic illustration the lesion (red) is at the C1-C5 segments of the spinal cord. Which statements are correctly indicated by the abbreviations?

o UMN to the front limbs, UMN to the rear limbs
o LMN to the front limbs, UMN to the rear limbs
o UMN to the front limbs, LMN to the rear limbs
o LMN to the front limbs, LMN to the rear limbs

Answer 28

o UMN to the front limbs, UMN to the rear limbs

Question 29

Lissencephaly (lyssencephalon)/Definition?

o Complication of hydrocephalus
o Congenital under-development (lack of development) of the sulci and gyri of the cortex
o One type of metabolic storage disorders of the brain
o Histopathological alteration of the brain as a sequel of rabies (lyssa)

Answer 29

o Congenital under-development (lack of development) of the sulci and gyri of the cortex

Question 30

For what disease is this posture characteristic? (st. bernard puppy, legs straight out on both sides)

o Encephalomyelitis caused by canine
o Tetanus
o Botulism
o Hydrocephalus with brain stem abscess

Answer 30

o Hydrocephalus with brain stem abscess

Question 31

What kind of disease can be seen in the picture?

o Cervical vertebral instability
o Vertebral fractur
o Cervical static stenosis
o Osteoporosis

Answer 31

o Cervical vertebral instability

Question 32

• What statement is correct regarding the imaging of spinal cord compression (SCC)

o Disc calcification indicated SCC
o A survey radiograph is generally enough to diagnose SCC
o SCC can be caused exclusively by the intervertebral disc
o Myelography is useful tool in the diagnostics of SCC

Answer 32

o Myelography is useful tool in the diagnostics of SCC

Question 33

Which statement is correct

o Wobbler-syndrome affects small breeds
o The site of disc protrusion can be exactly determined in the survey radiograph
o The basic types of compressive processes found with myelography: extradural, intradural, extramedullary
o Positioning of cervical spine generally needs sedation or anesthesia

Answer 33

o Positioning of cervical spine generally needs sedation or anesthesia

Question 34

Which of the following breeds is mostly predisposed to Wobbler syndrome

o Dobermann
o German shepherd
o Dachshound
o Labrador retriever

Answer 34

o Dobermann