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SAM final > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Beta-blocker antiarrhythmic drugs?

o Verapamil, diltiazem, milrinone
o Atenolol, propranolol, esmolol
o Amiodarone, sotalol, amlodipine
o Pimobendane, levosimendan, valsartan

A

o Atenolol, propranolol, esmolol

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2
Q

Nomotopic impulse formation disorder?

o Sinus tachycardia, respiratory arrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome
o Sinus pause, ‘atrial tachycardia’, sick atrial flutter
o 1st degree atrioventricular block, sinoatrial block, sinus standstill
o WPW syndrome, fascicular block

A

o Sinus tachycardia, respiratory arrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome

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3
Q

Gastric torsion/common cardiological complication?

o Ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia)
o Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter
o 2nd and 3rd degree atrioventricular blocks
o Asystole

A

o Ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia)

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4
Q

Which is the wrong answer?
Supraventricular arrhythmias are

o Caused by atrial disease (e.g. dilatation)
o Often caused by extracardiac diseases (e.g. pancreatitis)
o Sometimes caused by the fibrosis of the AV - node
o Maybe caused by increased vagal tone

A

o Sometimes caused by the fibrosis of the AV - node

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5
Q

Relationship between heart diseases and heart failure

o All animals with heart disease are in heart failure
o Heart diseases sooner or later causes heart failure
o Most heart diseases do not lead to heart failure
o Heart disease and heart failure have the same meaning, synonymous

A

o Heart diseases sooner or later causes heart failure

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6
Q

Under normal circumstances the blood flow in the heart is

o Turbulent
o Laminar
o Chaotic
o Swirling type

A

o Laminar

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7
Q

Which answer is wrong? Consequences of right-sided heart failure:

o Pulmonary oedema
o Thoracic fluid accumulation in dogs
o Congestive liver
o Ascites

A

o Pulmonary oedema

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8
Q

Consequence of left heart failure

o Pulmonary oedema
o Thoracic fluid accumulation in dogs
o Congestive liver
o Ascites

A

o Pulmonary oedema

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9
Q

Congestive heart failure/3rd stage, NYHA-grading?

o Fatigue, recumbency during most of the time, cyanosis, bronchitis, limb oedema
o Fatigue, collapse caused by exercise, abdominal oedema, ascites
o Fatigue, dyspnoea also at rest, cough, oedema
o Left atrial and ventricular dilation with echocardiography

A

o Fatigue, collapse caused by exercise, abdominal oedema, ascites

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10
Q

Decompensated congestive heart failure/drugs?

o ACE-inhibitors, furosemide, pimobendane
o Furosemide, oxygen, clenbuterol
o Enalapril iv., furosemide iv., digoxin iv
o Spironolactone, aminophylline, digoxin

A

o ACE-inhibitors, furosemide, pimobendane

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11
Q

ACE-inhibitors?

o Ramipril, benzapril, amlodipin
o Ramipril, enalapril, benazepril
o Ramipril, kaptopril, hidralazin
o Zofenopril, captopril, diovan

A

o Ramipril, enalapril, benazepril

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12
Q

What is the most important compensation priority during heart failure?

o Maintenance of systemic venous blood pressure
o Maintenance of systemic arterial blood pressure in vital organs
o Keeping systemic arterial blood pressure low in non-vital organs
o Keeping systemic venous blood pressure low

A

o Maintenance of systemic arterial blood pressure in vital organs

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13
Q

Reduction of ventricular afterload during heart failure

o Always beneficial
o Should only be used in mild heart failure
o Should only be used in severe heart failure
o Extremely risky

A

o Should only be used in severe heart failure

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14
Q

Why we can reduce preload dramatically in heart failure?

o Because reducing preload during heart failure does not lead to arrhythmia
o Because in heart failure, reducing preload hardly reduces cardiac output
o Because the survival of heart failure animals is so short that we have nothing to fear
o Because the afterload will offset the reduction of the pre-load anyway

A

o Because reducing preload during heart failure does not lead to arrhythmia

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15
Q

Which answer is not good? The hemodynamic parameters that determine heart rate include:

o Ventricular preload and afterload
o Contractility, distensibility
o Heart rate and synchronization of contractions
o The relative ratio of the amount of blood pumped by the two sides of the heart

A

o The relative ratio of the amount of blood pumped by the two sides of the heart

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16
Q

• How the heart will respond to increased preload?

o Responds with eccentric hypertrophy
o Reacts with concentric hypertrophy
o Responds by decreasing the contractions
o The heart cannot respond

A

o Reacts with concentric hypertrophy

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17
Q

What is the wrong answer? If we increase cardiac preload

o It increases the strength of the cardiac contractions
o It can cause congestion
o The heart dilates
o Heart performance will decrease

A

o It can cause congestion

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18
Q

Which is the wrong answer?… may play a role in the progression of heart failure:

o Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system
o Decrease number and function of cardiac acetylcholine receptors (down regulation)
o The production of inflammatory mediators and free radicals
o Poor blood supply to the heart muscle despite increased oxygen and energy demands

A

o The production of inflammatory mediators and free radicals

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19
Q

Which is the first compensation during heart failure

o The renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system is activated
o Processes that plasma volume are initiated
o The peripheral blood vessels dilate
o Heart rate increase

A

o Heart rate increase

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20
Q

Heart disease grading: ACVIM-B2 class (Multiple choice)

o Fatigue, coughing, clinical signs of lung oedema
o Occasionally collapse, respiratory arrhythmia, respiratory rate is 49min at the clinic
o IV/ VI systolic murmur, increased sleeping respiratory rate
o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography

A

o Fatigue, coughing, clinical signs of lung oedema

o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography

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21
Q

Heart disease grading: ACVIM-C class

o Fatigue, dyspnea, clinical signs of lung oedema
o Occasionally collapse, respiratory arrhythmia, respiratory rate is 29/min at the clinic
o IV/VI systolic murmur normal sleeping respiratory rate
o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography

A

o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography

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22
Q

Definitions of the grade 6/6 cardiac murmur?

o Moderate-intensity murmur with good audibility
o Very strong murmur without precordial thrill
o This murmur is even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall
o Can be heard only in congenital heart diseases

A

o This murmur is even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall

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23
Q

PDA means

o Abnormally directed Botallo ligarment
o Patency of the Botallo duct
o Abnormally directed aortic arch
o Abnormally directed subclavian artery

A

o Patency of the Botallo duct

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24
Q

What changes do you expect to find in case of severe PDA

o Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy
o Right ventricular concentric hypertrophy
o Left ventricular dilatation
o Right ventricular dilatation

A

o Right ventricular dilatation

25
Q

Congenital heart diseases causing volume overload

o Aortic stenosis, tricuspid dysplasia
o Fallot tetralogy, pulmonic stenosis
o PDA, VSD
o ASD, mitral dysplasia, PPDH

A

o PDA, VSD

26
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot consist from

o ventricular septal defect, aorta-transposition, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy
o ventricular septal defect, aortic stenosis, mitral valvular insufficiency, right ventricular hypertrophy
o ventricular septal defect, aortic transpositions, pulmonary insufficiency, atrial septal defect
o atrial septal defect, aortic insufficiency…etc.

A

o ventricular septal defect, aorta-transposition, pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy

27
Q

Ventricular septal defect / detection / dog

o Doppler echocardiography, localisation usually just below the aortic root
o Two dimensional echocardiography, localisation usually within middle third of ventricular septum
o Doppler cardiography, localisation usually within ventral third of ventricular septum
o Laterolateral and dorsoventral radiography, localisation within ventral third of ventricular septum

A

o Doppler echocardiography, localisation usually just below the aortic root

28
Q

What is your diagnosis?

o Dilated cardiomyopathy
o Tricuspid insufficiency
o Cor pulmonal
o Ventricular septal defect

A

o Ventricular septal defect

29
Q

Congenital heart diseases causing pressure overload?

o Aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis
o Fallot tetralogy, tricuspid dysplasia
o PDA, VSD
o ASD, mitral dysplasia, PPDH

A

o Aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis

30
Q

Which congenital heart disease has a spesific continous “machinery” heart murmur as a symptom

o Pulmonic stenosis
o Ventricular septal defect
o Tetralogy of fallot
o PDA

A

o PDA

31
Q

Which of the following signs is characteristic of PDA?

o Ventricular arrhythmia
o Ventricular extrasystole
o Atrial arrhythmia
o Machinery murmur

A

o Machinery murmur

32
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus/characteristics of the cardiac murmur?

o Decrescendo, diastolic cardiac murmur at the 4th intercostal space, usually with fremitus
o Machinery cardiac murmur, best heard at the left heart base, accompanied by fremitus
o Holosystolic plateau murmur a the 3-4 left intercostal space, usually without fremitus
o Holodiastolic, decrescendo murmur at the 3-4left intercostal space, usually with fremitus

A

o Machinery cardiac murmur, best heard at the left heart base, accompanied by fremitus

33
Q

Which congenital heart disease is more common in female dogs?

o Pulmonic stenosis
o Ventricular septal defect
o Fallot - tetralogy
o PDA

A

PDA

34
Q

The most common congenital cardiac disease of dogs in Europe (also in Hungary)

o Congenital ventricular septal defect
o Tetralogy of Fallot
o Congenital mitral valve dysplasia
o Congenital aortic stenosis

A

o Congenital aortic stenosis

35
Q

For which disease is this Cavalier King Charles Spaniel predisposed?

o Idiopathic hemopericardium
o Dilated cardiomyopathy
o Chronic endocardiosis
o Tetralogy of Fallot

A

o Chronic endocardiosis

36
Q

Congenital heart disease of dogs. Which statement is NOT true?

o One of the most common diseases in Europe is subvalvalular aortic stenosis
o Tricuspid dysplasia mainly occurs in small breeds
o Positive inotropic drugs should not be given in pulmonic stenosis
o Congenital heart diseases are more common in dogs than in cats

A

o Tricuspid dysplasia mainly occurs in small breeds

37
Q

Congenital heart diseases in cats/occurrence?

o CHD cat are more common than in dogs/they are usually breed and sex-related
o CHD in cats are less common than in dogs the occurrence is usually breed and sex-related
o CHD in cats are less common than in dogs there is no breed and sex predilection
o CHD in cats are less common than in dogs there is sex predilection but no breed predilection

A

o CHD in cats are less common than in dogs there is no breed and sex predilection

38
Q

What changes do you expect to find in case of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)

o Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy
o Right ventricular concentric hypertrophy
o Left ventricular dilatation (thinner wall)
o Right ventricular dilatation

A

o Left ventricular dilatation (thinner wall)

39
Q

What lesions are expected in severe dilated cardiomyopathy

o Left ventricular hypertrophy
o Right ventricular hypertrophy
o Left heart distension
o Right heart distension

A

o Left heart distension

40
Q

Typical clinical findings in case of dog’s haemopericardium:

o Strong pulse
o Systolic heart murmur
o Reddish mucosal membranes
o Distant (muffled heart sounds)

A

o Distant (muffled heart sounds)

41
Q

Which can be a congenital pericardial disease

o PPDH
o PHDP
o PHPD
o PDHP

A

o PPDH

42
Q

Which of the following abdominal organ does usually not dislocate in PPDH

o Spleen
o Greater omentum
o Liver
o Small intestines

A

o Spleen

43
Q

What kind of fluid can you find in the pericardium most commonly in dogs

o Blood
o Exudatum
o Transudatum
o Chylus

A

Transudatum

44
Q

Typical clinical findings in case of dog`is hemopericardium:

o Strong pulse
o Systolic heart murmur
o Reddish mucosal membranes
o Distant (muffled) heart sounds

A

o Distant (muffled) heart sounds

45
Q

What can not be the reason of haemopericardium in dogs

o Chemodectoma
o idiopathic inflammation
o Thromboembolism
o Coagulopathy

A

o idiopathic inflammation

46
Q

Constrictive pericarditis of dogs and cats/occurrence?

o Occurs mainly in medium-aged females of small breeds
o Generally uncommon, mainly in middle aged, large breed dogs, rare in cats
o Generally uncommon, mainly in young, small breed dogs, common in cats
o More common than the pericarditis with effusion ‘wet’ pericarditis

A

o Generally uncommon, mainly in middle aged, large breed dogs, rare in cats

47
Q

The most common cardiac disease in cats:

o Dilated cardiomypathy
o Congenital aortic stenosis
o Mitral insufficiency
o Hypoertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

o Hypoertrophic cardiomyopathy

48
Q

The most common heart disease in cats:

o Mitral endocardosis, myxomatous mitral valve disease
o Hypertrophic cardiormyopathy
o Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS)
o PDA

A

o Hypertrophic cardiormyopathy

49
Q

What is the most common cardiac disease in cats?

o ARVC
o DCM
o HCM
o RCM

A

o HCM

50
Q

The two most common congenital cardiac diseases of cats?

o Congenital aortic stenosis, PPDH
o PDA, Tetralogy of Fallot
o Congenital mitral valve dysplasia, congenital pulmonic stenosis
o Congenital atrioventricular (A-V) dysplasia, congenital ventricular septal defect

A

o Congenital atrioventricular (A-V) dysplasia, congenital ventricular septal defect

51
Q

What is NOT characteristic of feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

o May cause thromboembolism
o May cause sudden death
o Often has long survival
o Causes right sided heart dilation

A

o Causes right sided heart dilation (it cause left sided heart failure)

52
Q

The most common heart disease in dogs

o Mitral endocardosis
o Dilated cardiomyopathy
o Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS)
o PDA

A

o Mitral endocardosis

53
Q

The most common cardiac disease in dogs:

o Congenital, subvaluar aortic stenosis
o Dilated cardiomyopathy
o Chronic endocardosis with mitral insufficiency
o Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

o Chronic endocardosis with mitral insufficiency

54
Q

Chronic endocardosis/myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs/Characteristics:

o Occurs mainly in medium-aged females of small breeds
o Typically results in mitral valve, sometimes tricuspid valve insufficiency
o Digoxin and pimpobendan are always contraindicated because they increase the amount of regurgitated blood
o Occurs mainly in medium-aged males of large breads

A

o Typically results in mitral valve, sometimes tricuspid valve insufficiency

55
Q

Aortic insufficiency/cardiac murmur/characteristics?

o III-VI/VI decrescendo, holodiastolic murmur, often heard in horacic inlet as well
o III-VI/VI crescendo-decrescendo, diastolic murmur, often heard in thoracic inlet as well
o III-VI/VI decrescendo, systolic murmur, often heard over the right hemithorax
o I-IV/VI decrescendo, diastolic murmur, often heard in the thoracic inlet as well

A

o III-VI/VI crescendo-decrescendo, diastolic murmur, often heard in thoracic inlet as well

56
Q

What lesion are expected in severe endocardiosis

o Left ventricular hypertrophy
o Right ventricular hypertrophy
o Left heart distension
o Right heart distension

A

o Left ventricular hypertrophy

57
Q

Chronic endocardiosis in dogs/occurrence rate on the cardiac valves:

o Mitral 50%, tricuspid 50%, mitral and tricuspid 0%
o Mitral 60%, mitral and tricuspid 30%, tricuspid 10%
o Mitral 30%, tricuspid 60%, mitral and tricuspid 10%
o Mitral 40%, tricuspid 0%, mitral and tricuspid 60

A

o Mitral 60%, mitral and tricuspid 30%, tricuspid 10%

58
Q

After physical and auxiliary examinations we diagnose mitral endocardiosis, but the typical symptoms are not present yet. Which stage can we put the patient in

o AHA-A
o AHA-B
o AHA-C
o AHA-D

A

o AHA-B (mild, might hear murmur)

SAM final (19 decks)

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