Heart Flashcards
Beta-blocker antiarrhythmic drugs?
o Verapamil, diltiazem, milrinone
o Atenolol, propranolol, esmolol
o Amiodarone, sotalol, amlodipine
o Pimobendane, levosimendan, valsartan
o Atenolol, propranolol, esmolol
Nomotopic impulse formation disorder?
o Sinus tachycardia, respiratory arrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome
o Sinus pause, ‘atrial tachycardia’, sick atrial flutter
o 1st degree atrioventricular block, sinoatrial block, sinus standstill
o WPW syndrome, fascicular block
o Sinus tachycardia, respiratory arrhythmia, sick sinus syndrome
Gastric torsion/common cardiological complication?
o Ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia)
o Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter
o 2nd and 3rd degree atrioventricular blocks
o Asystole
o Ventricular arrhythmias (premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia)
Which is the wrong answer?
Supraventricular arrhythmias are
o Caused by atrial disease (e.g. dilatation)
o Often caused by extracardiac diseases (e.g. pancreatitis)
o Sometimes caused by the fibrosis of the AV - node
o Maybe caused by increased vagal tone
o Sometimes caused by the fibrosis of the AV - node
Relationship between heart diseases and heart failure
o All animals with heart disease are in heart failure
o Heart diseases sooner or later causes heart failure
o Most heart diseases do not lead to heart failure
o Heart disease and heart failure have the same meaning, synonymous
o Heart diseases sooner or later causes heart failure
Under normal circumstances the blood flow in the heart is
o Turbulent
o Laminar
o Chaotic
o Swirling type
o Laminar
Which answer is wrong? Consequences of right-sided heart failure:
o Pulmonary oedema
o Thoracic fluid accumulation in dogs
o Congestive liver
o Ascites
o Pulmonary oedema
Consequence of left heart failure
o Pulmonary oedema
o Thoracic fluid accumulation in dogs
o Congestive liver
o Ascites
o Pulmonary oedema
Congestive heart failure/3rd stage, NYHA-grading?
o Fatigue, recumbency during most of the time, cyanosis, bronchitis, limb oedema
o Fatigue, collapse caused by exercise, abdominal oedema, ascites
o Fatigue, dyspnoea also at rest, cough, oedema
o Left atrial and ventricular dilation with echocardiography
o Fatigue, collapse caused by exercise, abdominal oedema, ascites
Decompensated congestive heart failure/drugs?
o ACE-inhibitors, furosemide, pimobendane
o Furosemide, oxygen, clenbuterol
o Enalapril iv., furosemide iv., digoxin iv
o Spironolactone, aminophylline, digoxin
o ACE-inhibitors, furosemide, pimobendane
ACE-inhibitors?
o Ramipril, benzapril, amlodipin
o Ramipril, enalapril, benazepril
o Ramipril, kaptopril, hidralazin
o Zofenopril, captopril, diovan
o Ramipril, enalapril, benazepril
What is the most important compensation priority during heart failure?
o Maintenance of systemic venous blood pressure
o Maintenance of systemic arterial blood pressure in vital organs
o Keeping systemic arterial blood pressure low in non-vital organs
o Keeping systemic venous blood pressure low
o Maintenance of systemic arterial blood pressure in vital organs
Reduction of ventricular afterload during heart failure
o Always beneficial
o Should only be used in mild heart failure
o Should only be used in severe heart failure
o Extremely risky
o Should only be used in severe heart failure
Why we can reduce preload dramatically in heart failure?
o Because reducing preload during heart failure does not lead to arrhythmia
o Because in heart failure, reducing preload hardly reduces cardiac output
o Because the survival of heart failure animals is so short that we have nothing to fear
o Because the afterload will offset the reduction of the pre-load anyway
o Because reducing preload during heart failure does not lead to arrhythmia
Which answer is not good? The hemodynamic parameters that determine heart rate include:
o Ventricular preload and afterload
o Contractility, distensibility
o Heart rate and synchronization of contractions
o The relative ratio of the amount of blood pumped by the two sides of the heart
o The relative ratio of the amount of blood pumped by the two sides of the heart
• How the heart will respond to increased preload?
o Responds with eccentric hypertrophy
o Reacts with concentric hypertrophy
o Responds by decreasing the contractions
o The heart cannot respond
o Reacts with concentric hypertrophy
What is the wrong answer? If we increase cardiac preload
o It increases the strength of the cardiac contractions
o It can cause congestion
o The heart dilates
o Heart performance will decrease
o It can cause congestion
Which is the wrong answer?… may play a role in the progression of heart failure:
o Chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system
o Decrease number and function of cardiac acetylcholine receptors (down regulation)
o The production of inflammatory mediators and free radicals
o Poor blood supply to the heart muscle despite increased oxygen and energy demands
o The production of inflammatory mediators and free radicals
Which is the first compensation during heart failure
o The renin - angiotensin - aldosterone system is activated
o Processes that plasma volume are initiated
o The peripheral blood vessels dilate
o Heart rate increase
o Heart rate increase
Heart disease grading: ACVIM-B2 class (Multiple choice)
o Fatigue, coughing, clinical signs of lung oedema
o Occasionally collapse, respiratory arrhythmia, respiratory rate is 49min at the clinic
o IV/ VI systolic murmur, increased sleeping respiratory rate
o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography
o Fatigue, coughing, clinical signs of lung oedema
o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography
Heart disease grading: ACVIM-C class
o Fatigue, dyspnea, clinical signs of lung oedema
o Occasionally collapse, respiratory arrhythmia, respiratory rate is 29/min at the clinic
o IV/VI systolic murmur normal sleeping respiratory rate
o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography
o Left atrial dilatation with x-ray and echocardiography
Definitions of the grade 6/6 cardiac murmur?
o Moderate-intensity murmur with good audibility
o Very strong murmur without precordial thrill
o This murmur is even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall
o Can be heard only in congenital heart diseases
o This murmur is even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall
PDA means
o Abnormally directed Botallo ligarment
o Patency of the Botallo duct
o Abnormally directed aortic arch
o Abnormally directed subclavian artery
o Patency of the Botallo duct
What changes do you expect to find in case of severe PDA
o Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy
o Right ventricular concentric hypertrophy
o Left ventricular dilatation
o Right ventricular dilatation
o Right ventricular dilatation
