neuro uworld Flashcards
parotid gland tumor
causes facial droop since CN 7 passes through parotid
temporal lobe tumor
causes pie in the sky by affecting Meyers loop
von hippo lindau
- autosomal dominant
- loss of tumor suppressor VHL gene of hypoxia inducing factor - hypoxia
- commonly seen with renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma
- angiomatosis and hemangioblastomas
- increased intracranial pressure (vomiting, headache, papilladema)
- located on chromosome 3
pseudocholinesterase deficiency
-unable to metabolize succinylcholine
-decreased plasma hydrolysis
-leads to large amounts of drug reaching the neuromuscular junction
-incresed paralysis for hours
- genetic polymorphism
glutamate
-long term potentiation of memory and learning “glues memories”
-increases calcium conductance
14-3-3
creutzfeld Jakob disease
laryngeal nerve
damage causes hoarseness
anterior lobe of the cerebellem
mediates unconscious perception
conscious proprioception, two point discrimination, vibration sense is mediated by
dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway
pain sensation mediated by
spinothalamic pathway,
pain, temp, and crude touch
stapedius innervated by
CN VII facial
alpha syn nucelein
parkinsons disease, with Lewy bodies
degeneration of ___ lobes in Alzheimers disesaes
median temporal lobe (memory and emotions - amygdala, hippocampal cortex)
early onset Alzheimers associated with
down syndrome
late onset Alzheimers associated with
Apo E4
Ach is synthesized in
basal nucleus of meynert
ACH is ___ in alzheimers
decreased
neuropathology of alzheimers
extracellular beta amyloid,
intracellular accumulation of tau proteins
stepwise memory decline
vascular dementia
loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra
parkinsons disease
Parkinson’s disease neurotransmitters
decreased serotonin and dopamine, increased acetylcholine
locus ceruleus secretes
norepinephrine, in lateral pons
cranial nerve 3 palsy
“down and out”
damage in midbrain
contralateral hemiparesis
stroke in internal capsule, arm/leg weakness, facial sparring of upper face
treatment of essential tremor
beta blockers
Neurofibromatosis 2
Bilateral acoustic neuromas
brain wedge shaped infarcts
- generalized reduction of cerebral profusion in watershed areas
Pinealoma
Associated with parinaud syndrome
Ependymoma
Associate with perivascular pseudorosettes
Craniopharyngeoma
Remnants of rathke pouch
Medulloblastoma
Homer Wright rosettes
Pilocytic astrocytoma
Rosenthal fibers
On a rose pillow
Oligodedroma
Fried egg nucleus, chicken wire capillaries
Optic neuritis associated with
Multiple sclerosis- autoimmune respond to oligodendrocytes, reduced saltatory conduction
Ketamine
NMDA antagonist, preserves respiratory drive, sympathetic effects - increase bronchodilation, heart rate and contractility
GABA agonists
Propofol and etomidate
Temporal lobe encephalitis
Commonly herpes encephalitis
disease associated with crazy violent dreams
parkinsons - alpha syn nuclein
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Due to stone dislodging in utricle which plbrushes hairs in ear and gives illusion of movement…diagnosis dix hall pike maneuver.. treatment epley maneuver
Pramiprexole
Directly stimulates dopamine receptors
CN for salivation
9
CN taste to posterior tongue
9 (drooling over a guy who’s a 9), you don’t drool over a guy who’s a 7
CN taste to anterior tongue
7
duration of Cl- opening
barbituates
frequency of Cl- opening
benzodiazepines
huntington disease
- autosomal dominant, exhibits anticipation - expansion of repeats after each generation
- muscle movement, cognitive decline, psychiatric symptoms
- CAG trinucleotide repeats (CAGe on pixorize) causing mutated Huntington gene on chromosome 4
- atrophy of caudate, can cause lateral ventricles to grow causing ex vacuo ventriculomegaly
- decreased GABA
- increased dopamine
- decreased acetylcholine
- treat with tetrabenazine
precursor of serotonin
tryptophan
treat serotonin syndrome
cryptoheptidine
Frontotemporal dementia
Personality and behavior changes due to atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes
nerves that pass through jugular foramen
9, 10, 12
- so think swallow reflex, shoulder shrug,
naloxone
mu opiod receptor antagonist
how to reverse benzodiazepine intoxication
flumazenil
pramipexole
directly stimulates dopamine receptors
carbidopa
increases dopamine precursor availability in the brain by decreasing breakdown in periphery
alcohol withdrawal symptoms
tremors, agitation, anxiety, delirium, psychosis
opioid withdrawal symptoms
nausea, vomiting, cramping, diarrhea, muscle aches
stimulant withdrawal
increased appetite, hypersomnia, psychomotor retardation, severe depression (crash)
dorsal column medial lemniscus
vibration, proprioception, light touch
spinothalamic tract
pain, temperature, crude touch
congenital defect resulting from maternal valproate use
neural tube defects
sensory innervation to the sole of the foot (plantar)
tibial nerve
MS can cause bladder symptoms due to
loss of central nervous system inhibition of detrusor contraction in the bladder
damage to sub thalamic nucleus causes
hemiballismus
occlusion of the middle cerebral artery
results in contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss of the face and upper limbs and relative preservation of lower limbs
occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery
sensory and motor deficits of the contralateral legs
tumor at cerebelopontine angle
meningioma
contralateral complete sensory loss
stroke in the thalamus
Jugular foramen
CN 9, 10, 11
Retinoblastoma affects which phase of the cell cycle
G1/S
Causes of anterior horn cell degeneration
spinal muscular atrophy or polio virus infection
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
loose semicircular canal debris (canalithialisis), diagnose with the dix hallpark maneuver, epley maneuver treats it
Frontotemporal dementia
Aggregations of phosphorylated tau protein, TDP 43 protein inclusions
Chorea, psychiatric symptoms, dementia
Huntingtons
raphe nucleus
synthesizes serotonin
locus ceruleus
synthesizes norepinephrine
brocas area
motor speech
wernicks area
sensory speech (impaired comprehension)
berry aneurism burst causes
subarachnoid hemorrhage “thunderclap headache”
paraventricular nuclei
oxytocin
supraoptic nuclei
ADH
superior oblique muscle
innervated by the trochlear (IV) nerve
effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor on alzheimers
improved cognitive function with no change in disease course
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Give dantrolene, antagonizes ryanodine receptors and inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Cryptoheptidine
Treats serotonin syndrome
Epidural hematoma
Trauma to middle meninges artery, lens shaped
high frequency hearing loss due to chronic noise exposure affects the
organ of corti - has stereo ciliated hair cells
schizophrenia may also present with
flat affect - positive and negative symptoms
spinothalamic tract
pain and temperature, crude touch
dorsal column
pressure, vibration, proprioception, fine touch
decussation of spinothalamic tract
anterior white commissure
JC virus
causes progressive multifocal leukeoencephalopathy - ataxia, motor deficits, seizure - areas of demyelination with white matter lesions
epidural hematoma
biconvex lentiform (half circle), rupture of middle meningeal artery, transient loss of consciousness, can cause expansion and transtentorial herniation due to increased systemic arterial pressure
subdural hematoma
rupture of bridging veins, seen in shaken baby syndrome
subarachnoid hemorhhage
bleeding due to trauma or rupture of an aneurysm or av malformation. “worst headache of their life”
orbitofrontal cortex
injury leads to personality changes, disinhibition, and irritability secondary to the impairment of the behavioral and emotional
cranial nerve that does touch to the face
5
cranial nerve that elevates the soft palate
10
cranial nerve that causes tear production
7
cranial nerve that does motor to the face
7 (bells palsy)
Sensory to medial leg and foot
Saphenous nerve
