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p90x uworld > GI uworld > Flashcards

GI uworld Flashcards

1
Q

volvulus

A

midgut malrotation
- twisting around SMA

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2
Q

amylase

A

starch digestion

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3
Q

increased waist circumference and insulin

A

increased insulin resistance

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4
Q

celiac disease

A

-villous atrophy
-malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins ADEK
-positive tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies
-decreased serum calcium
-decreased serum phosphorus
-increased parathyroid hormone (phosphate trashing hormone)
-dermatitis herpetiformis

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5
Q

gastric adenocarcinoma

A
  • chronic inflammation induces intestinal metaplasia
    Arises from glandular cells in stomach
  • most commonly found on lesser curvature
  • diffuse type has signet ring cells - round cells filled with mucin
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6
Q

duodenal ulcer

A
  • pain improves with meals
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7
Q

gastrochisis

A

congenital malformation of abdominal wall that exposes the intenstines

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8
Q

omphalocele

A

failure of intestines to return to the body cavity, failure of lateral walls to migrate at umbilical ring
-persistent hernaniation of bowel into umbilical cord
-associated with trisomy 13 and 18

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9
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

-causes hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis secondary to vomiting
- non bilious vomiting
- more common in males
- hypertrophy of sphincter of smooth muscles
-present 2 weeks after birth
-palpable olive shaped mass, visible peristaltic waves

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10
Q

acute gastritis

A

-burning of stomach by acid
- increased acid production or decreased protective mucosa

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11
Q

things that cause acute gastritis

A

-nsaids, heavy alcohol use, chemotherapy, increased intracranial pressure, shock - stress ulcers (give PPIs),
-severe burn leads to curling ulcer

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12
Q

chronic gastritis

A
  • chronic autoimmune
    -chronic h pylori
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13
Q

pernicious anemia

A
  • type IV hypersensitivity reaction against parietal cells (acid secreting cells)
  • leads to achlorhydria
    -megaloblastic anemia due to decreased B12 and Intrinsic factor absorption
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14
Q

hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction

A

cholecystokinin - when fat enters the duodenum

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15
Q

secretin

A

promotes bicarb secretion from pancreatic ductal epithelium

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16
Q

Pseudogout

A

Usually in the knee where as gout is in the toe

Calcium pyrophosphate whereas gout is monosodium urate

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17
Q

Most common site for hydronephrosis in newborn

A

Uretopelvic junction (last to form from metanephric blastema)

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18
Q

constipation in pregnancy

A

common due to inhibitory effect of progesterone

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19
Q

recombinant parathyroid hormone

A

promotes bone formation by stimulating osteoblasts into osteoclasts

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20
Q

serum alkaline phosphate levels correlate with

A

osteoblast activity

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21
Q

Crohns disease

A
  • fistula
  • transmural inflammation (that can cause the fistula)
  • non caseating granulomas
  • cobblestoning
  • creeping fat
  • usually in terminal ileum
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22
Q

koplik spots

A

-bright red maccules with blueish white center on buccal mucosa
- sign of active measles infection

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23
Q

leukoplakia

A

development of white plaques in the mouth which cannot be scraped off
- could be due to Epstein Barr
- common in HIV or malignancy

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24
Q

GERD can cause

A

barrets esophagus - intestinal metaplasia of squamous epithelium due to exposure of acidic environment

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25
Q

most common diverticula formation

A

sigmoid colon due to increased pressure

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26
Q

asciites

A

can cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

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27
Q

skin flushing, telangiectasis, cyanosis, watery diarrhea, bronchospasm, wheezing

A

carcinoid tumor

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28
Q

B2 effect on insulin

A

stimulates insulin

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29
Q

a2 effect on insulin

A

blocks insulin release

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30
Q

ethanol reduces acetaminophen toxicity by

A

competitive inhibition of hepatic cytochrome p450

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31
Q

peutz jeghers syndrome

A

autosomal dominant, mutation in STK11, hamartomatous polyps in GI tract especially stomach and intestine- could lead to intussusception, hyperpigmented spots on mouth/lips, hands, genitalia

  • associated with breast and GI cancer
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32
Q

intussuception

A

red currant jelly stools, telescoping of the bowel

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33
Q

whipples disease

A

gram positive microbe, reveals PAS positive foamy macrophages in the intestines, caused by tropheryma wipplei, impairs fat absorption in GI tract - steattorhea. weight loss, can also have neurologic symptoms and cardiac symptoms, joint involvement

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34
Q

gilbert syndrome

A
  • mildy decreased activity of UDP glucuronosyltransferase compared to crigler nagar which is absent UDP glucuronosyltransferase
  • mildly asymptomatic but triggered with stress

-recurrent scleral icterus and jaundice

(build up of unconjugated bilirubin)

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35
Q

black liver

A

Dubin johnson, decreased excretion of hepatic bilirubin

36
Q

sevelamer

A
  • decreased intestinal absorption of phosphorus
  • nonabsorbable anion-exchange resin that binds intestinal PO43-
37
Q

stones in crohns disease

A

calcium oxalate

38
Q

hep B must ___ hep D to be infective

A

coat (viral coating)

39
Q

tumor stage marks

A

degree of spread (high stage means lymph node involvement)

40
Q

Anti mitochondrial antibodies

A

Primary biliary cholangitis,

Also granulomas and increased direct bilirubin and alk phos, fatigue, itching, cholestasis

41
Q

Rb protein

A

Associated with human papilloma virus, can cause head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

42
Q

spider angiomas in patients with cirrhosis

A

due to estrogen increase

43
Q

copper accumulation in liver, brain, and cornea

A

wilson’s disease

-abnormal LFTs, neuropsychiatric symptoms

44
Q

secretes bicarb in response to duodenal H+ to neutralize gastric contents

A

s cells - secretin

45
Q

inhibit HMG Co-A reductase

A

statins

46
Q

side effects of statins

A

hepatotoxicity, muscle toxicity

47
Q

decreases intestinal cholesterol absorption

A

ezetimibe

48
Q

increases hepatotoxicity if given with statins

A

ezetimibe

49
Q

activate PPAR alpha, decreases VLDL synthesis

A

fibrates

50
Q

action of fibrates

A

decreases triglycerides, increases HDL

51
Q

phenofibrate, gemfibrozil

A

fibrates

52
Q

PPAR alpha

A

increases synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, used for severe hypertriglyceridemia. Increase HDL. Decrease VLDL

53
Q

anatomic connection between the ileum and umbilicus resulting from incomplete obliteration of the vitelline duct

A

meckel diverticulum

54
Q

pancreatic inflammation can cause a blood clot in the

A

splenic vein

55
Q

bisacodyl

A

stimulates enteric nerves to stimulate peristalsis for constipation

56
Q

reduces the surface tension of stool

A

docusate

57
Q

Ecchinococcus granulosus

A

causes hydatid cysts and leads to anaphylaxis during surgery

58
Q

hepatitis B

A

systemic skin (urticaria) and joint symptoms; hepatomegaly; elevated AST and ALT

59
Q

regulator of iron homeostasis

A

hepatic parenchymal cells - releases hepcidin

60
Q

transmembrane protein responsible for transferring intracellular iron into the circulation

A

ferroportin - decreases intestinal iron absorption

61
Q

dilation of the ____ leads to hematemesis

A

left gastric

62
Q

binds to mu opined receptors in the colonic myenteric plexus, slowing peristalsis

A

loperamide - inhibits acetylcholine release

63
Q

somatostatin analog that reduces the secretion of pancreatic and GI hormones

A

octreotide

64
Q

Paramycin

A

Given in entamoeba histolytica to kill intenatial cysts (metronidazole kills trophozoites)

65
Q

Beta 3 agonists

A

Cause detrusor smooth muscle relaxation allowing increase during storage and decreases in continent episodes

66
Q

cholestryamine

A

-upregulated hepatic LDL receptors
-prevents reabsorption of bile in the intestinal lumen

67
Q

bile is conjugated with

A

glycine and taurine

68
Q

cholesterol gallstones

A

due to decreased bile

69
Q

watershed area

A

splenic flexure

70
Q

CA19-9

A

Pancreatic cancer

71
Q

Alpha fetoprotein cancer marker

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumor

72
Q

CA 125 marker

A

Ovarian cancer

73
Q

Cholesterol stones

A

White or yellow in appearance due to increased cholesterol synthesis, gallbladder hypomotility, or decreased bile acid synthesis

74
Q

Colchicine

A

Inhibits microtubule polymerization, treats gout, disrupts chemotaxis, phagocytosis and degranulation

75
Q

Lithium can cause ___thyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism

76
Q

Iron is absorbed in the

A

Duodenum and jejum

77
Q

Patent urachus

A

Remnant if the allantois that extends from the bladder to the umbilical. Results in urinary drainage from the bladder through umbilicus

78
Q

alcoholic hepatitis

A

neutrophil infiltration

79
Q

acetaminophen overdose

A
  • depletion of intrahepatic glutathione
  • over accumulation of NAPQI
  • mitochondria dysfunction
  • treat with N acetylcysteine
80
Q

CCK

A

Stimulates gall bladder contraction after a meal

81
Q

Impaired relaxation of the LES

A

Achalasia

82
Q

diverticulosis

A

weakness in areas near the vasa recta (area that lacks structural integrity)

83
Q

Zenker diverticulum

A

develops when the muscle between the throat and esophagus, known as the cricopharyngeus muscle, over-tightens, causing the throat above it to pouch out. Overtime, the pouch can enlarge as the muscles below it tighten excessively. Food can catch in this pouch or it can cause an obstruction.

84
Q

primary biliary cholangitis

A

granulomatous autoimmune destruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts and cholestasis, elevated alk phos, itching especially at night, increased direct bilirubin, common in middle aged women

85
Q

risk of hep C transmissino

A

very low

p90x uworld (23 decks)

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