cardiac u world

Question 1

aortic regurge

Answer 1

decrescendo diastolic murmur

Question 2

tertiary syphilis

Answer 2

vasa vasorum endarteritis “tree bark”

Question 3

speed of heart

Answer 3

park at venture avenue
- purkinje
-atrial muscule
-ventricular muscle
-av node

Question 4

sarcoidosis

Answer 4

non caseating granulomas

Question 5

S3

Answer 5

sloshing in, heart failure

Question 6

S4

Answer 6

a stiff wall - left ventricular hypertrophy (chronic hypertension)

Question 7

diastolic murmurs

Answer 7

Mitral stenosis
aortic regurge

Question 8

carotid body

Answer 8

• afferent innervation of glossopharyngeal nerve (9)
• arterial wall stretch as an indicator of blood pressure
• inverse of contractility

Question 9

cardiac pacemaker cells

Answer 9

mediated by calcium influx __|\_ as opposed to sodium influx by myocytes
__|—\_

Question 10

VSD murmur

Answer 10

holocystolic murmur over left sternal border

Question 11

CKMB and troponin release happens by

Answer 11

increased permeability of plasma membrane

Question 12

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy inheritance pattern

Answer 12

Autosomal dominant

Question 13

pneumothorax effect on the heart

Answer 13

decreases venous return

Question 14

leads for inferior heart attack

Answer 14

II, III, avF

usually R coronary artery

Question 15

LAD heart attack leads

Answer 15

V2-V6

Question 16

coarctation of aorta

Answer 16

increased blood flow through collateral blood vessels

Question 17

patent ductus areriosus

Answer 17

• leads to LVH from increased blood flow and RVH from increased blood flowing into the pulmonic vein causing increased right ventricular after load
• can eventually cause eisenmeiger syndrome due to pulmonary hypertension
• once pressure is so high in the right heart, blood from pulmonary artery can exit PDA to aorta and cause cyanosis

Question 18

histology of hamartomas

Answer 18

disorganized mature connective tissue - fat and cartilaginous tissue

Question 19

Why doesn’t ASD increase the size of the left heart?

Answer 19

Extra blood just goes back out the ASD and causes increase in right heart

Question 20

ST elevation in Leads I and aVL

Answer 20

Left circumflex artery, lateral limb leads

Question 21

TTN gene

Answer 21

dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 22

beta myosin heavy chain defect

Answer 22

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 23

artery that supplies SA, AV, and bundle of His

Answer 23

Right coronary artery

Question 24

carotid sinus hypersensitivity

Answer 24

exaggerated vagal response stimulated by carotid baroreceptors which lead to slow heart rate and marked peripheral vasodilation with a resulting transient loss of cerebral perfusion

Question 25

holosystolic murmur in a baby

Answer 25

VSD

Question 26

non dihydropyridines

Answer 26

verapamil, diltiazem

Question 27

dihydropyridines

Answer 27

nifedipine, amlodipine

Question 28

dihydropyridines act on

Answer 28

smooth muscle

Question 29

heart conduction from fastest to slowest

Answer 29

park at venture avenue, purkinje, atrial muscle, ventricles, AV node (AV node is slowest)

Question 30

common carotid artery comes from which pharyngeal arch

Answer 30

3

Question 31

kawasaki disease

Answer 31

CRASH and BURN conjuncitivitis rash adenopathy strawberry tongue fever potential for coronary after aneurysm, children <5, medium vessel vasculitis

Question 32

MI in leads II, III, and avF

Answer 32

Right coronary artery

Question 33

when is clopidegril used?

Answer 33

for acute coronary syndrome

Question 34

decreased intensity of murmur happens during valsava maneuver of what condition

Answer 34

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 35

Wet beri beri

Answer 35

- Thiamine deficiency - peripheral neuropathy - dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 36

Dry beri beri

Answer 36

Peripheral neuropathy and thiamine deficiency

Question 37

head bobbing

Answer 37

aortic regurge

Question 38

Nitric oxide

Answer 38

Increased cGMP leading to vascular smooth muscle relaxation

Question 39

pacemakers are placed in the

Answer 39

atrioventricular groove

Question 40

age related degeneration of the SA node

Answer 40

sick sinus syndrome, located on the right atrial wall, bradycardia, sinus pauses

Question 41

dobutamine stress test

Answer 41

can diagnose coronary artery disease if the ejection fraction goes down

Question 42

severity of mitral stenosis

Answer 42

length of time between S2 and opening snap

Question 43

around the clock nitrate administration

Answer 43

can result in tolerance, so decrease the doses

Question 44

side effect of calcium channel blockers

Answer 44

peripheral edema

Question 45

why does squatting help in children with Tetrology of Fallot?

Answer 45

increases systemic vascular resistance, forces more blood into the RV to pump into the lungs (decreases R to L shunting)

Question 46

right dominant circulation

Answer 46

supplies both the RV and LV, if just isolated RV infarction with no LV infarction, its left dominant

Question 47

lipofuscin

Answer 47

yellow brown pigment composed of lysosomal breakdown products of lipid polymers and protein-complex phospholipids. Wear and tear and product of aging

Question 48

cystic medial degeneration of the aorta

Answer 48

myxomatous degernation with pooling of proteoglycans in the medial layer and intact intimal layer

Question 49

endurance training causes

Answer 49

eccentric hypertrophy on the heart

Question 50

during exercise

Answer 50

During exercise, sympathetic nervous system activity increases. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart leads to increased contractility. In addition, the sympathetic nervous system constricts veins. This pushes blood volume stored in the venous system to the heart thereby increasing preload to the left ventricle.

Question 51

during exercise ___ muscle blood flow increases significantly

Answer 51

During exercise, skeletal muscle blood flow increases significantly

Question 52

in tamponade

Answer 52

right atrium decreased in size, increased right atrial pressure, increased CVP (back flow from atrium), decreased SV

Question 53

hydralazine side effect

Answer 53

peripheral edema due to reflex sympathetic activation and stimulation of RAAS

Question 54

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 54

Diastolic + 1/3(systolic-diastolic)

Question 55

patent ductus arteriosis

Answer 55

- initially left to right shunt that shunts more blood flow to the lungs -> causes pulmonary hypertension -> eisenmeiger syndrome with reversal to R to L shunt - shows distal extremity cyanosis

Question 56

pulsus paradoxus

Answer 56

-drop in systolic blood pressure <10 mmHg during inspiration - commonly seen in cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis

Question 57

car accident causes tearing of aorta where?

Answer 57

aortic arch right after BCS

Question 58

most common cause of aortic stenosis

Answer 58

rheumatic heart disease

Question 59

evolocumab

Answer 59

binds LDL receptor and prevents it from lysosomal degradation, thus keeping more LDL receptors on the liver surface to bind free LDL in the serum and decrease circulation in the blood