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endocrine u world Flashcards

1
Q

thyroid hormone resistance

A

increased T3 T4 and TSH, loss of negative feedback inhibition since its resistant

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2
Q

graves disease

A

autoantibodies to TSH receptor

decreased TSH, goiter, increased t3 and t4

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3
Q

hormone sensitive lipase

A
  • prolonged fasting
    -catalyzes the mobilization of stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
  • then free fatty acids and glycerol are uptaken by the liver for gluconeogenesis
  • free fatty acids will become ketones
    -activated in response to stress hormones
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4
Q

glycogenolysis

A

happens in first several hours of fasting

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5
Q

glucagonoma

A

hyperglycemia, often new diabetes mellitus, and necrolytic migratory erythema affecting the groin, face, and extremities

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6
Q

zinc deficiency

A

rash, erythemous skin lesions, around orifiices that are predominantly vesicular and pustular
- hypogonadism
- impaired taste and smell
- night blindness
- impaired wound healing

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7
Q

glucagon

A

corrects hypoglycemia by increasing hepatic glycogenolysis resulting in release of glucose by hepatic glycogen stores

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8
Q

metyrapone

A

causes ACTH surge

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9
Q

neuroendocrine tumor that secretes serotonin, treat with octreotide

A

carcinoid tumor

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10
Q

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

A

Amyloid

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11
Q

complete or partial obstruction of extra hepatic bile ducts

A

biliary atresia

especially if the direct bilirubin is high
- jaundice, dark urine, acholic stools

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12
Q

dubin johnson syndrome

A

-defective hepatic excretion of bilirubin glucouronidase resulting in direct hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

-black liver

-defective excretion of epinephrine metabolites

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13
Q

graves disease in the skin

A

thyroid dermopathy - skin thickening and induration over the shin

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14
Q

net effect of PTH

A

increased bone formation

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15
Q

can inhibit GnRH besides high feedback of FSH and LH

A

prolactin

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16
Q

most common benign liver tumor

A

cavernous hemangioma

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17
Q

hashimotos disease

A
  • primary hypothyroidism
  • low to normal T3 because of peripheral conversion
  • decreased T4
  • increased TSH due to no feedback
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18
Q

sorbitol is metabolized into

A

fructose

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19
Q

graves disease

A

increased T3 and T4 because there are autoantibodies creating more hormone, low TSH due to feedback

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20
Q

lactate dehydrogenase is a marker of

A

tissue injury and cell turnover

21
Q

Cushing signs

A

BAE is FAT

Buffalo hump
Acne
Easy bruising
Facies (moon)
Arm wasting
Truncal obesity

22
Q

Cushing disease vs syndrome

A

Disease in dome(pituitary)
Syndrome in side (adrenal gland)

23
Q

ACTH in Cushing syndrome

A

Low

Only do dexa test if acth is high

24
Q

Dexamethasone suppression

A

If acth decreases, Pituitary problem

Ectopic endures

25
Q

Ectopic Cushing

A

Dexamethasone does not suppress ACTH

26
Q

What do you do if acth is high?

A

Dexamethasone test

27
Q

Maple syrup urine disease

A

Defective metabolism of isoleucine, leucine, and valine - branch chain amino acids

I love Vermont maple syrup

Give thiamine

28
Q

epinephrine is produced in the

A

adrenal medulla

29
Q

norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by

A

phenylethanolomine n methyltransferase

30
Q

statins

A
  • leads to enhanced hepatic LDL receptor recycling
  • inhibits HMG coa reductase
31
Q

4 actions of parathyroid hormone

A
  1. stimulates osteoclasts
  2. Ca reabsorption in the DCT
  3. urinary phosphate excretion (Phosphate trashing hormone)
  4. increased conversion of 25 hydroxyvitamin D to calcitriol
32
Q

methimizole

A

directly inhibits coupling/organification of iodotyrosines via inhibition of thyroid peroxidase

33
Q

piaglitazone

A

oral thiazoladinedione used in type 2 diabetes. it binds to ppargamma

34
Q

Hormone that decreases synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes

35
Q

DPP4 inhibitors

A

Dipeptidyl peptidase, increases GLP1, causes delayed gastric emptying, stimulates glucose dependent insulin release, decreases glucagon release

36
Q

Deficiency of tyrosine to fumarate

A

Alkaptonuria

37
Q

Communicating hydrocele

A

Collecting of peritoneal fluid that accumulates in the tunica vaginalis, transiluninates

38
Q

secreted in response to low serum calcium

39
Q

pulsatile secretion of PTH

A

increases osteoblasts and forms bone, as opposed to continuous which has an antagonistic effect on bone

40
Q

tyrosinase deficiency

41
Q

metformin

A

decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreases intestinal glucose absorption, increases peripheral glucose uptake, decreases lipogenesis

42
Q

action of glucagon

A

stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

43
Q

calories per gram of ethanol

44
Q

calories per gram of fat

45
Q

calories per gram of carbohydrate

46
Q

calories per gram of protein

47
Q

lipophilic receptors

48
Q

short acting insulin

A

lispro, aspart, glulisine

49
Q

basal long acting insulin

A

glargine, detamir, degludec

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