endocrine u world

Question 1

thyroid hormone resistance

Answer 1

increased T3 T4 and TSH, loss of negative feedback inhibition since its resistant

Question 2

graves disease

Answer 2

autoantibodies to TSH receptor

decreased TSH, goiter, increased t3 and t4

Question 3

hormone sensitive lipase

Answer 3

• prolonged fasting
  -catalyzes the mobilization of stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol
• then free fatty acids and glycerol are uptaken by the liver for gluconeogenesis
• free fatty acids will become ketones
  -activated in response to stress hormones

Question 4

glycogenolysis

Answer 4

happens in first several hours of fasting

Question 5

glucagonoma

Answer 5

hyperglycemia, often new diabetes mellitus, and necrolytic migratory erythema affecting the groin, face, and extremities

Question 6

zinc deficiency

Answer 6

rash, erythemous skin lesions, around orifiices that are predominantly vesicular and pustular
- hypogonadism
- impaired taste and smell
- night blindness
- impaired wound healing

Question 7

glucagon

Answer 7

corrects hypoglycemia by increasing hepatic glycogenolysis resulting in release of glucose by hepatic glycogen stores

Question 8

metyrapone

Answer 8

causes ACTH surge

Question 9

neuroendocrine tumor that secretes serotonin, treat with octreotide

Answer 9

carcinoid tumor

Question 10

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Answer 10

Amyloid

Question 11

complete or partial obstruction of extra hepatic bile ducts

Answer 11

biliary atresia

especially if the direct bilirubin is high
- jaundice, dark urine, acholic stools

Question 12

dubin johnson syndrome

Answer 12

-defective hepatic excretion of bilirubin glucouronidase resulting in direct hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

-black liver

-defective excretion of epinephrine metabolites

Question 13

graves disease in the skin

Answer 13

thyroid dermopathy - skin thickening and induration over the shin

Question 14

net effect of PTH

Answer 14

increased bone formation

Question 15

can inhibit GnRH besides high feedback of FSH and LH

Answer 15

prolactin

Question 16

most common benign liver tumor

Answer 16

cavernous hemangioma

Question 17

hashimotos disease

Answer 17

• primary hypothyroidism
• low to normal T3 because of peripheral conversion
• decreased T4
• increased TSH due to no feedback

Question 18

sorbitol is metabolized into

Answer 18

fructose

Question 19

graves disease

Answer 19

increased T3 and T4 because there are autoantibodies creating more hormone, low TSH due to feedback

Question 20

lactate dehydrogenase is a marker of

Answer 20

tissue injury and cell turnover

Question 21

Cushing signs

Answer 21

BAE is FAT

Buffalo hump
Acne
Easy bruising
Facies (moon)
Arm wasting
Truncal obesity

Question 22

Cushing disease vs syndrome

Answer 22

Disease in dome(pituitary)
Syndrome in side (adrenal gland)

Question 23

ACTH in Cushing syndrome

Answer 23

Low

Only do dexa test if acth is high

Question 24

Dexamethasone suppression

Answer 24

If acth decreases, Pituitary problem

Ectopic endures

Question 25

Ectopic Cushing

Answer 25

Dexamethasone does not suppress ACTH

Question 26

What do you do if acth is high?

Answer 26

Dexamethasone test

Question 27

Maple syrup urine disease

Answer 27

Defective metabolism of isoleucine, leucine, and valine - branch chain amino acids I love Vermont maple syrup Give thiamine

Question 28

epinephrine is produced in the

Answer 28

adrenal medulla

Question 29

norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by

Answer 29

phenylethanolomine n methyltransferase

Question 30

statins

Answer 30

- leads to enhanced hepatic LDL receptor recycling - inhibits HMG coa reductase

Question 31

4 actions of parathyroid hormone

Answer 31

1. stimulates osteoclasts 2. Ca reabsorption in the DCT 3. urinary phosphate excretion (Phosphate trashing hormone) 4. increased conversion of 25 hydroxyvitamin D to calcitriol

Question 32

methimizole

Answer 32

directly inhibits coupling/organification of iodotyrosines via inhibition of thyroid peroxidase

Question 33

piaglitazone

Answer 33

oral thiazoladinedione used in type 2 diabetes. it binds to ppargamma

Question 34

Hormone that decreases synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Answer 34

Cortisol

Question 35

DPP4 inhibitors

Answer 35

Dipeptidyl peptidase, increases GLP1, causes delayed gastric emptying, stimulates glucose dependent insulin release, decreases glucagon release

Question 36

Deficiency of tyrosine to fumarate

Answer 36

Alkaptonuria

Question 37

Communicating hydrocele

Answer 37

Collecting of peritoneal fluid that accumulates in the tunica vaginalis, transiluninates

Question 38

secreted in response to low serum calcium

Answer 38

PTH

Question 39

pulsatile secretion of PTH

Answer 39

increases osteoblasts and forms bone, as opposed to continuous which has an antagonistic effect on bone

Question 40

tyrosinase deficiency

Answer 40

albinism

Question 41

metformin

Answer 41

decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreases intestinal glucose absorption, increases peripheral glucose uptake, decreases lipogenesis

Question 42

action of glucagon

Answer 42

stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 43

calories per gram of ethanol

Answer 43

7

Question 44

calories per gram of fat

Answer 44

9

Question 45

calories per gram of carbohydrate

Answer 45

4

Question 46

calories per gram of protein

Answer 46

4

Question 47

lipophilic receptors

Answer 47

T3 and T4

Question 48

short acting insulin

Answer 48

lispro, aspart, glulisine

Question 49

basal long acting insulin

Answer 49

glargine, detamir, degludec