medications and vaccines Flashcards
1
Q
amphotericin B
A
treats systemic mycoses,
causes nephrotoxicity (renal tubular dysfunction)
2
Q
failed vaccine
A
-decreased production of naive B and T lymphocytes
-loss of telomerase length in the elderly
-naive cells can’t differentiate into memory cells
3
Q
clauvulanic acid
A
-beta lactase inhibitor
-decreases amoxicillin cleavage by bacterial cells
-allows abx to retain its efficacy
4
Q
drugs that cause aplastic anemia
A
Can’t Make New Blood Cells Properly
-carbamazepine
-methimizole
-nsaids
-benzene
-chloramphenical
-propylthiouracil
5
Q
inducers of CYP450
A
-phenytoin
6
Q
plasminogen activators
A
-streptokinase
alteplase
tissue plasminogen activator
7
Q
streptokinase inhibitor
A
aminocaproic acid
8
Q
thrombin (IIa) inhibitors
A
-heparin (with antithrombin III)
-LMWH
-argatroban
-dabigatran
-bivalirudin
9
Q
anti Xa inhibitors
A
-LMWH
-fondaparinux
-enoxaparin
-apixaban
but goal is to decrease prothrombin to thrombin
10
Q
desmopressin
A
- increases circulating vonwillibrand factor
(bridge between platelets and exposed endothelium)
11
Q
EPO
A
-activates Jak/Stat2
-transcription -> inhibits apoptosis otherwise clonal proliferation
Should see increased retic count
12
Q
infliximab
A
- mAB to TNF alpha
-treats rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease - can develop antibodies against tnf alpha
13
Q
bleomycin
A
- induces free radical formation and DNA strand breaks
-causes pulmonary fibrosis
14
Q
nitrites
A
-treat cyanide poisoning due to inducing methmeglobinemia
15
Q
drugs that cause megaloblastic anemia
A
- hydroxyurea
- phenytoin
-methotrexate
-sulfa drugs
my pills huge size
16
Q
cladribine
A
treats hairy cell leukemia
17
Q
vitamin A treats
A
APML
18
Q
imatinib or dasatinib
A
treats CML
19
Q
SGLT2 inhibitors
A
canagliflozin, dapagliflozin
20
Q
cholestyramine
A
upregulates hepatic LDL receptors
bile acid binding agent
21
Q
long acting insulin
A
glargine, detamir, degludec
22
Q
short acting insulin
A
aspart, lispro, glulisine
23
Q
metaclopramide
A
D2 receptors in gut
- can cause de novo parkinsons
24
Q
ranitidine
A
H2 receptor blocker, inhibits gastric acid secretion (Zantac)
25
chlorpheniramine
first generation antihistamine
26
azoles
inhibits synthesis of ergosterol
27
baclofen
GABA b agonist
treats muscle spasicity and cerebral palsy
28
tetrabenazine
dopamine depletion, treats tourettes
29
bisacodyl
stimulates enteric nerves to improve peristalsis in gut
30
cromolyn
inhibits mast cell degranulation and release of preformed chemical mediators
31
sudan III stain
tests fat absorption in stool
32
naloxone
-treats opiod overdose
-competitively binds to cell surface receptors
33
carbolfuscion stain
tests for mycolic acid
34
thiazide diuretics
inhibits Na,CL cotransporter in DCT
35
P2Y12 inhibitors
clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticlopidine, ticregalor
36
direct GpIIbIIIA inhibitors
abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban
37
mecA gene
encodes penicillin binding protein
38
sofosbufir and ledispavir
inhibits viral genome replication and assembly
39
integrase inhibitors
inhibits production of viral mRNA
40
isoniazid
- inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
- only active against mycobacteria
- causes bacteria to lose acid fastness so they can't synthesize new cell walls or multiply
41
bosentan
endothelin receptor antagonist (blocks vasoconstriction)
used in pulmonary hypertension
42
valproate
-treats manic features like bipolar and seizure disorders
-blocks voltage gated Na channels and enhances availability of GABA
43
major basic protein
released from eosinophils
44
etanercept
-soluble receptor decoy protein
-TNF alpha inhibitor
45
where does lithium act on the kidneys
affects principal cells of the collecting duct
46
fibrates
inhibit cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase which catalyzes the rate limiting step in synthesis of bile acids, favors formation of cholesterol stones
47
beta blockers
prolong the PR interval
slow AV nodal conduction
48
morphine
renal cleared, so failure increases the sedative effets
49
blue colored vision
slidenafil, and other PDE5 inhibitors (erectile dysfunction).
50
Initial vaccination
Generates an early IgM response by short lived plasma cells following a delayed onset longer lasting IgG response due to T cell dependent class switching.
Secondary response is rapid and sustained IgG response with short term muted IgM
51
fluoroquinolones
-inhibit dna gyrase
-can form insoluble complexes with polyvalent cations and impaired absorption leading to decrease drug bioavailability. seen with over the counter antacids containing calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts in osteoporosis treatment
52
defect in extracellular processing of collagen
n-terminal peptide removal
53
rate limiting step of heme pathway
ALA synthase
54
warfarin adverse reaction
due to protein c and s blockage, can cause rash
55
linezolid toxicities
-diminished color perception
-optic neuropathy
peripheral glove and stocking neuropathy
-thrombocytopenia
- MAOI inhibitor and can precipitate serotonin toxicity
56
linezolid
inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosomal protein subunit, blocks formation of initiation in translation
treats MRSA
vancomycin resistent staph epidermidis
57
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole toxicity
hyperkalemia
58
which pathway does Growth hormone activate?
jak stat
59
treat organophosphate toxicity with
atropine
60
treat benzodiazepine overdose with
flumazenil
61
IL6 monoclonal antibody drug
tocilizumab
62
opiod adverse reaction
mast cell degranulation and itching
63
zidovudine
-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that inhibits phosphodiesterase bond formation
- used to prevent maternal to fetal transmission of HIV
64
can be resistant to aminoglycosides because it catalyzes transfer of acetyl groups to exogenous substances
pseudomonas
65
treat beta blocker overdose
glucagon
66
metformin
decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, increases muscle glucose uptake, no effect on insulin production
67
class of medications that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
nsaids
68
class of medications that cause abdominal distention and fat redistribution
anti retroviral therapy
69
medication that can trigger gout flare up
diuretics - hyperuricemia from relative volume depletion
70
tazobactam
beta lactamase inhibitor
71
phentolamine
alpha receptor blocker
72
Adverse reaction HIV medication associated with B27 allele
Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction
73
Most important source of protection in flu
Anti hemagluttinin antibodies
74
How to treat cyclophosphamide hemorrhaging cystitis
Mesna
75
How to treat methotrexate immunosuppresseion
Leucovorin
76
Doxorubicin side effect
Dilated cardiomyopathy
77
anti topoisomerase I antibody
scleroderma
78
cancer with the highest incidence
breast cancer
79
cancer with highest mortality
lung cancer
80
migratory thrombophlebitis should raise suspicion for
visceral cancer
81
doxycycline
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
82
side effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
hyperkalemia
83
P450 and griseofulvin
Inducer
84
isoniazid can result in
sideroblastic anemia
- decreased activity of delta aminolevulanic acid synthase
85
Patiremer
Exchanges calcium for potassium in colon
86
neostigmine
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, increases acetylcholine at the NMJ
87
anti-HBs
Confers long term immunity, seen in virally cleared patients and vaccine response
88
cell that predominates in PPD skin test
macrophage
89
Aminoglycosides in pregnancy
Causes ototoxicity
90
Ace inhibitors and pregnancy
Renal failure, oligohydramnios, under developed skull
91
Lithium toxicity in pregnancy
Ebstein anomaly
92
Tetracyclines in pregnancy
Discolored teeth, inhibited bone growth
93
organophosphate poisoning
DUMBBELLS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchorrhea, bronchospasms, emesis, lacrimation, laxation, sweating/salivating
94
organophosphate mechanism of action
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor -> so signs of cholinergic excess
95
capsofungin
anti fungal agent that blocks synthesis of the cell wall - glucan- treats candida and aspergillosis
96
ornithine transcarbamoylase
in the urea cycle
97
K1 capsular antigen
e coli virulence factor in meningitis
98
keloid
over activation of TGF beta
99
Rotavirus
blunting of the vili in the duodenum and jejunum, segmented RNA virus
100
monitor the ____ with testosterone replacement therapy
hematocrit
101
Epinephrine and allergy
Inhibits mast cell degranulation
102
Blocks release of acetylcholine at the NMJ leading to flaccid paralysis
Botulism toxin
103
UV rays
create pyrimidine (C or T) dimers
104
severe toxicity of osmotic diuretics
pulmonary edema
105
motivational interviewing
- open ended questions are best
- ilicit an intrinsic desire to change the behavior
106
entry receptor for rabies
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
107
Naltrexone
Blocks the mu opioid receptor, first line for alcohol disorder
108
type of vaccine that's rabies
inactivated vaccine
109
medications that cause gout
diuretics, salycilates, ace inhibitors, cyclosporine
110
buprenorphine
partial mu agonist - results in a therapeutic ceiling
111
painless gross hematuria
bladder cancer
112
basal cell carcinoma histology
epidermal keratinocytes
113
pralidoxime
cholinesterase reactivating agent, in organophosphate poisoning first you give atropine to stop the cholinergic toxicity, then there will be muscle weakness so give pralidoxime
114
Aminoglycosides are synergistic with
Penicillin
115
Macrolide mechanism of action
Inhibits the 50s subunit of the ribosome
116
Acyclovir is activated by
Thymidine kinase
117
Gancyclovir inhibits
DNA polymerase (not thymidine kinase)
118
Rasburicase
Treats and prevents tumor lysis syndrome
119
demyelinating infection of the skin and nerves
leprosy
120
Lynch syndrome
nucleotide mismatches that escape repair
121
types of live vaccines
Measles, mumps, rubella
Rotavirus.
Smallpox.
Chickenpox.
Yellow fever.
122
corticosteroids on the skin cause
dermal atrophy
123
oseltamivir
neuraminidase inhibitor, inhibits viral release of particles
123
CYP450 inducers
phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John’s wart, rifampin
124
Cadherins
Part of the desmosome
125
Claudins and occludins
Part of tight junction
126
Connexons
Part of gap junctions
