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p90x uworld > medications and vaccines > Flashcards

medications and vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

amphotericin B

A

treats systemic mycoses,
causes nephrotoxicity (renal tubular dysfunction)

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2
Q

failed vaccine

A

-decreased production of naive B and T lymphocytes
-loss of telomerase length in the elderly
-naive cells can’t differentiate into memory cells

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3
Q

clauvulanic acid

A

-beta lactase inhibitor
-decreases amoxicillin cleavage by bacterial cells
-allows abx to retain its efficacy

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4
Q

drugs that cause aplastic anemia

A

Can’t Make New Blood Cells Properly
-carbamazepine
-methimizole
-nsaids
-benzene
-chloramphenical
-propylthiouracil

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5
Q

inducers of CYP450

A

-phenytoin

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6
Q

plasminogen activators

A

-streptokinase
alteplase
tissue plasminogen activator

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7
Q

streptokinase inhibitor

A

aminocaproic acid

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8
Q

thrombin (IIa) inhibitors

A

-heparin (with antithrombin III)
-LMWH
-argatroban
-dabigatran
-bivalirudin

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9
Q

anti Xa inhibitors

A

-LMWH
-fondaparinux
-enoxaparin
-apixaban

but goal is to decrease prothrombin to thrombin

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10
Q

desmopressin

A
  • increases circulating vonwillibrand factor
    (bridge between platelets and exposed endothelium)
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11
Q

EPO

A

-activates Jak/Stat2
-transcription -> inhibits apoptosis otherwise clonal proliferation

Should see increased retic count

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12
Q

infliximab

A
  • mAB to TNF alpha
    -treats rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease
  • can develop antibodies against tnf alpha
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13
Q

bleomycin

A
  • induces free radical formation and DNA strand breaks
    -causes pulmonary fibrosis
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14
Q

nitrites

A

-treat cyanide poisoning due to inducing methmeglobinemia

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15
Q

drugs that cause megaloblastic anemia

A
  • hydroxyurea
  • phenytoin
    -methotrexate
    -sulfa drugs

my pills huge size

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16
Q

cladribine

A

treats hairy cell leukemia

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17
Q

vitamin A treats

A

APML

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18
Q

imatinib or dasatinib

A

treats CML

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19
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors

A

canagliflozin, dapagliflozin

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20
Q

cholestyramine

A

upregulates hepatic LDL receptors

bile acid binding agent

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21
Q

long acting insulin

A

glargine, detamir, degludec

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22
Q

short acting insulin

A

aspart, lispro, glulisine

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23
Q

metaclopramide

A

D2 receptors in gut
- can cause de novo parkinsons

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24
Q

ranitidine

A

H2 receptor blocker, inhibits gastric acid secretion (Zantac)

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25
Q

chlorpheniramine

A

first generation antihistamine

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26
Q

azoles

A

inhibits synthesis of ergosterol

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27
Q

baclofen

A

GABA b agonist
treats muscle spasicity and cerebral palsy

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28
Q

tetrabenazine

A

dopamine depletion, treats tourettes

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29
Q

bisacodyl

A

stimulates enteric nerves to improve peristalsis in gut

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30
Q

cromolyn

A

inhibits mast cell degranulation and release of preformed chemical mediators

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31
Q

sudan III stain

A

tests fat absorption in stool

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32
Q

naloxone

A

-treats opiod overdose
-competitively binds to cell surface receptors

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33
Q

carbolfuscion stain

A

tests for mycolic acid

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34
Q

thiazide diuretics

A

inhibits Na,CL cotransporter in DCT

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35
Q

P2Y12 inhibitors

A

clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticlopidine, ticregalor

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36
Q

direct GpIIbIIIA inhibitors

A

abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban

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37
Q

mecA gene

A

encodes penicillin binding protein

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38
Q

sofosbufir and ledispavir

A

inhibits viral genome replication and assembly

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39
Q

integrase inhibitors

A

inhibits production of viral mRNA

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40
Q

isoniazid

A
  • inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
  • only active against mycobacteria
  • causes bacteria to lose acid fastness so they can’t synthesize new cell walls or multiply
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41
Q

bosentan

A

endothelin receptor antagonist (blocks vasoconstriction)

used in pulmonary hypertension

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42
Q

valproate

A

-treats manic features like bipolar and seizure disorders
-blocks voltage gated Na channels and enhances availability of GABA

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43
Q

major basic protein

A

released from eosinophils

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44
Q

etanercept

A

-soluble receptor decoy protein
-TNF alpha inhibitor

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45
Q

where does lithium act on the kidneys

A

affects principal cells of the collecting duct

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46
Q

fibrates

A

inhibit cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase which catalyzes the rate limiting step in synthesis of bile acids, favors formation of cholesterol stones

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47
Q

beta blockers

A

prolong the PR interval
slow AV nodal conduction

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48
Q

morphine

A

renal cleared, so failure increases the sedative effets

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49
Q

blue colored vision

A

slidenafil, and other PDE5 inhibitors (erectile dysfunction).

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50
Q

Initial vaccination

A

Generates an early IgM response by short lived plasma cells following a delayed onset longer lasting IgG response due to T cell dependent class switching.

Secondary response is rapid and sustained IgG response with short term muted IgM

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51
Q

fluoroquinolones

A

-inhibit dna gyrase
-can form insoluble complexes with polyvalent cations and impaired absorption leading to decrease drug bioavailability. seen with over the counter antacids containing calcium, magnesium and aluminum salts in osteoporosis treatment

52
Q

defect in extracellular processing of collagen

A

n-terminal peptide removal

53
Q

rate limiting step of heme pathway

A

ALA synthase

54
Q

warfarin adverse reaction

A

due to protein c and s blockage, can cause rash

55
Q

linezolid toxicities

A

-diminished color perception
-optic neuropathy
peripheral glove and stocking neuropathy
-thrombocytopenia
- MAOI inhibitor and can precipitate serotonin toxicity

56
Q

linezolid

A

inhibits protein synthesis by binding 50s ribosomal protein subunit, blocks formation of initiation in translation

treats MRSA
vancomycin resistent staph epidermidis

57
Q

trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole toxicity

A

hyperkalemia

58
Q

which pathway does Growth hormone activate?

A

jak stat

59
Q

treat organophosphate toxicity with

A

atropine

60
Q

treat benzodiazepine overdose with

A

flumazenil

61
Q

IL6 monoclonal antibody drug

A

tocilizumab

62
Q

opiod adverse reaction

A

mast cell degranulation and itching

63
Q

zidovudine

A

-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that inhibits phosphodiesterase bond formation
- used to prevent maternal to fetal transmission of HIV

64
Q

can be resistant to aminoglycosides because it catalyzes transfer of acetyl groups to exogenous substances

A

pseudomonas

65
Q

treat beta blocker overdose

A

glucagon

66
Q

metformin

A

decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, increases muscle glucose uptake, no effect on insulin production

67
Q

class of medications that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

A

nsaids

68
Q

class of medications that cause abdominal distention and fat redistribution

A

anti retroviral therapy

69
Q

medication that can trigger gout flare up

A

diuretics - hyperuricemia from relative volume depletion

70
Q

tazobactam

A

beta lactamase inhibitor

71
Q

phentolamine

A

alpha receptor blocker

72
Q

Adverse reaction HIV medication associated with B27 allele

A

Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction

73
Q

Most important source of protection in flu

A

Anti hemagluttinin antibodies

74
Q

How to treat cyclophosphamide hemorrhaging cystitis

A

Mesna

75
Q

How to treat methotrexate immunosuppresseion

A

Leucovorin

76
Q

Doxorubicin side effect

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

77
Q

anti topoisomerase I antibody

A

scleroderma

78
Q

cancer with the highest incidence

A

breast cancer

79
Q

cancer with highest mortality

A

lung cancer

80
Q

migratory thrombophlebitis should raise suspicion for

A

visceral cancer

81
Q

doxycycline

A

inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

82
Q

side effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A

hyperkalemia

83
Q

P450 and griseofulvin

A

Inducer

84
Q

isoniazid can result in

A

sideroblastic anemia
- decreased activity of delta aminolevulanic acid synthase

85
Q

Patiremer

A

Exchanges calcium for potassium in colon

86
Q

neostigmine

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, increases acetylcholine at the NMJ

87
Q

anti-HBs

A

Confers long term immunity, seen in virally cleared patients and vaccine response

88
Q

cell that predominates in PPD skin test

A

macrophage

89
Q

Aminoglycosides in pregnancy

A

Causes ototoxicity

90
Q

Ace inhibitors and pregnancy

A

Renal failure, oligohydramnios, under developed skull

91
Q

Lithium toxicity in pregnancy

A

Ebstein anomaly

92
Q

Tetracyclines in pregnancy

A

Discolored teeth, inhibited bone growth

93
Q

organophosphate poisoning

A

DUMBBELLS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchorrhea, bronchospasms, emesis, lacrimation, laxation, sweating/salivating

94
Q

organophosphate mechanism of action

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitor -> so signs of cholinergic excess

95
Q

capsofungin

A

anti fungal agent that blocks synthesis of the cell wall - glucan- treats candida and aspergillosis

96
Q

ornithine transcarbamoylase

A

in the urea cycle

97
Q

K1 capsular antigen

A

e coli virulence factor in meningitis

98
Q

keloid

A

over activation of TGF beta

99
Q

Rotavirus

A

blunting of the vili in the duodenum and jejunum, segmented RNA virus

100
Q

monitor the ____ with testosterone replacement therapy

A

hematocrit

101
Q

Epinephrine and allergy

A

Inhibits mast cell degranulation

102
Q

Blocks release of acetylcholine at the NMJ leading to flaccid paralysis

A

Botulism toxin

103
Q

UV rays

A

create pyrimidine (C or T) dimers

104
Q

severe toxicity of osmotic diuretics

A

pulmonary edema

105
Q

motivational interviewing

A
  • open ended questions are best
  • ilicit an intrinsic desire to change the behavior
106
Q

entry receptor for rabies

A

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

107
Q

Naltrexone

A

Blocks the mu opioid receptor, first line for alcohol disorder

108
Q

type of vaccine that’s rabies

A

inactivated vaccine

109
Q

medications that cause gout

A

diuretics, salycilates, ace inhibitors, cyclosporine

110
Q

buprenorphine

A

partial mu agonist - results in a therapeutic ceiling

111
Q

painless gross hematuria

A

bladder cancer

112
Q

basal cell carcinoma histology

A

epidermal keratinocytes

113
Q

pralidoxime

A

cholinesterase reactivating agent, in organophosphate poisoning first you give atropine to stop the cholinergic toxicity, then there will be muscle weakness so give pralidoxime

114
Q

Aminoglycosides are synergistic with

A

Penicillin

115
Q

Macrolide mechanism of action

A

Inhibits the 50s subunit of the ribosome

116
Q

Acyclovir is activated by

A

Thymidine kinase

117
Q

Gancyclovir inhibits

A

DNA polymerase (not thymidine kinase)

118
Q

Rasburicase

A

Treats and prevents tumor lysis syndrome

119
Q

demyelinating infection of the skin and nerves

A

leprosy

120
Q

Lynch syndrome

A

nucleotide mismatches that escape repair

121
Q

types of live vaccines

A

Measles, mumps, rubella
Rotavirus.
Smallpox.
Chickenpox.
Yellow fever.

122
Q

corticosteroids on the skin cause

A

dermal atrophy

123
Q

oseltamivir

A

neuraminidase inhibitor, inhibits viral release of particles

123
Q

CYP450 inducers

A

phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John’s wart, rifampin

124
Q

Cadherins

A

Part of the desmosome

125
Q

Claudins and occludins

A

Part of tight junction

126
Q

Connexons

A

Part of gap junctions

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