Neuro Pathways Flashcards
The nervous system is dived into two branches. Name them and describe what each branch contains.
Central nervous system (Brain, brain stem, spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (12 cranial, 31 spinal, GANGLIA)
The PNS is divided into sensory and motor.
What type of nerves are sensory and motor nerves? Do they belong to the PNS or CNS?
Motor (Efferent nerves) PNS to CNS
Sensory (Afferent) CNS to PNS
How many spinal nerves do we have?
Name them
31 Spinal nerves 8 cervical (divided into 4 cervical, 4 brachial) 12 thoracic 5 lumber 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
How many cranial nerves do we have?
Name them.
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Abducens Trigeminal Fascial Vestibulochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Nerve Hypoglossal
What is a myotome?
A myotome is, therefore, a set of muscles innervated by a specific, single spinal nerve.
What is a dermatome?
A dermatome is an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root
What is a cutaneous nerve?
Cutaneous innervation refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific cutaneous nerve.
Which cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?
C3 to C12
What is a spinal nerve?
A nerve which exits the spinal cord but has not yet contributed towards the formation of a plexus.
What is a peripheral nerve?
The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves that lie outside the central nervous system
What is a Dorsal root ganglion?
A dorsal root ganglion is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve.
Does a dorsal root ganglian contain motor or sensory fibres?
Sensory
Does a ventral root ganglian contain motor or sensory fibres?
Motor
In anatomy and neurology, the ventral root or anterior root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.
An enlargement of the spinal cord occurs at the cervical spine between which spinal levels? Why does this enlargement occur?
C4 to T1, due to the formation of the brachial plexus.
The enlargement occurs due to an increase in the volume of motor cells in the ventral horn of the grey matter.
An enlargement of the spinal cord occurs at the lumber spine between which spinal levels? Why does this enlargement occur?
L2 to S3 due to an increase in the volume of motor cells in the ventral horn of the grey matter.
Which part of the brain controls motor function?
Posterior compartment of the frontal lobe.
Where is the sympathetic chain located? (thoracolumber outflow)
T1 to L2
Is the sympathetic chain part of the autonomic or somatic nervous system?
Autonomic
What is the posterior compartment of the frontal lobe called?
Primary motor cortex
Which lobe of the brain receives sensory information?
Specifically which compartment of this lobe?
Parietal Lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex
What is the function of the cerebellum?
motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture.
Which part of the brain do muscle spindles and golgi tendon bodies communicate with?
cerebellum?
What are muscle spindles?
Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle
Which part of the muscle contains muscle spindles?
Belly
Where are golgi tendon organs found?
What type of organs are they?
What do they do?
The golgi tendon organs are located in the origins and insertion of skeletal muscle fibers. Within the tendons of skeletal muscle.
Neurotendinous organs
They act as proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension.
How many vertebrae do we have?
How many intervertebral discs do we have?
The spinal cord is enclosed within?
What type of fluid protects the spinal cord?
What membrane offers insulator/protective properties to the spinal cord?
33 23 Spinal canal Cerebral spinal fluid meninges
Name the three layers of the meninges?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater.
What type of cells produce CSP?
ependymal cells
The CSP is present along the Spinal cord in what space?
Tip..spider
arachnoid space
The spinal cord ends in what level? Before transitioning into the cauda equina?
L1/2
What is the outer layer of the meninges called?
Inner layer?
Innermost?
Dura matter
arachnoid matter
Pia matter
The termination of the spinal cord occurs at L1/2.
Which structure serves to stabilize the spinal cord by connecting the conus to the coccyx via the coccygeal ligament.
conus medullaris
What shape does the conus medullaris adopt?
Cone
The apex of the conus medullaris is called?
The _____ terminale
The filum terminale
Where would you find glia cells?
- PNS
- CNS
CNS
What type of matter would you find in the spinal cord?
Grey & white matter
What is the difference between grey and white matter?
Grey (unmyelinated)
White (myelinated)
Does grey or white matter contain the axon of the neuron?
White
Remember axons are myelinated
the white colour is dervied from the fat which insulates the axon
Does the grey or white matter contain the dendrites and cell body?
Grey
Supradiaphramagic
Quadriplegia results in paralysis below?
The neck
quad means 4 limbs
Paraplegia
InfraDiaphragmatic
