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Osteopathy Term 2 > Neuro Pathways > Flashcards

Neuro Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is dived into two branches. Name them and describe what each branch contains.

A

Central nervous system (Brain, brain stem, spinal cord)

Peripheral nervous system (12 cranial, 31 spinal, GANGLIA)

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2
Q

The PNS is divided into sensory and motor.

What type of nerves are sensory and motor nerves? Do they belong to the PNS or CNS?

A

Motor (Efferent nerves) PNS to CNS

Sensory (Afferent) CNS to PNS

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3
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have?

Name them

A 
31 Spinal nerves 
8 cervical
(divided into 4 cervical, 4 brachial)
12 thoracic 
5 lumber
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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4
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

Name them.

A 
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Trigeminal
Fascial
Vestibulochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory Nerve
Hypoglossal
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5
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A myotome is, therefore, a set of muscles innervated by a specific, single spinal nerve.

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6
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A dermatome is an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root

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7
Q

What is a cutaneous nerve?

A

Cutaneous innervation refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific cutaneous nerve.

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8
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

A

C3 to C12

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9
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

A nerve which exits the spinal cord but has not yet contributed towards the formation of a plexus.

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10
Q

What is a peripheral nerve?

A

The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves that lie outside the central nervous system

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11
Q

What is a Dorsal root ganglion?

A

A dorsal root ganglion is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve.

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12
Q

Does a dorsal root ganglian contain motor or sensory fibres?

A

Sensory

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13
Q

Does a ventral root ganglian contain motor or sensory fibres?

A

Motor
In anatomy and neurology, the ventral root or anterior root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.

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14
Q

An enlargement of the spinal cord occurs at the cervical spine between which spinal levels? Why does this enlargement occur?

A

C4 to T1, due to the formation of the brachial plexus.

The enlargement occurs due to an increase in the volume of motor cells in the ventral horn of the grey matter.

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15
Q

An enlargement of the spinal cord occurs at the lumber spine between which spinal levels? Why does this enlargement occur?

A

L2 to S3 due to an increase in the volume of motor cells in the ventral horn of the grey matter.

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16
Q

Which part of the brain controls motor function?

A

Posterior compartment of the frontal lobe.

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17
Q

Where is the sympathetic chain located? (thoracolumber outflow)

A

T1 to L2

18
Q

Is the sympathetic chain part of the autonomic or somatic nervous system?

A

Autonomic

19
Q

What is the posterior compartment of the frontal lobe called?

A

Primary motor cortex

20
Q

Which lobe of the brain receives sensory information?

Specifically which compartment of this lobe?

A

Parietal Lobe

Primary somatosensory cortex

21
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture.

22
Q

Which part of the brain do muscle spindles and golgi tendon bodies communicate with?

A

cerebellum?

23
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle

24
Q

Which part of the muscle contains muscle spindles?

A

Belly

25
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs found?
What type of organs are they?
What do they do?

A

The golgi tendon organs are located in the origins and insertion of skeletal muscle fibers. Within the tendons of skeletal muscle.

Neurotendinous organs

They act as proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension.

26
Q

How many vertebrae do we have?
How many intervertebral discs do we have?
The spinal cord is enclosed within?
What type of fluid protects the spinal cord?
What membrane offers insulator/protective properties to the spinal cord?

A 
33
23
Spinal canal
Cerebral spinal fluid
meninges
27
Q

Name the three layers of the meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater.
28
Q

What type of cells produce CSP?

A

ependymal cells

29
Q

The CSP is present along the Spinal cord in what space?

Tip..spider

A

arachnoid space

30
Q

The spinal cord ends in what level? Before transitioning into the cauda equina?

A

L1/2

31
Q

What is the outer layer of the meninges called?
Inner layer?
Innermost?

A

Dura matter
arachnoid matter
Pia matter

32
Q

The termination of the spinal cord occurs at L1/2.

Which structure serves to stabilize the spinal cord by connecting the conus to the coccyx via the coccygeal ligament.

A

conus medullaris

33
Q

What shape does the conus medullaris adopt?

A

Cone

34
Q

The apex of the conus medullaris is called?

The _____ terminale

A

The filum terminale

35
Q

Where would you find glia cells?

  1. PNS
  2. CNS
A

CNS

36
Q

What type of matter would you find in the spinal cord?

A

Grey & white matter

37
Q

What is the difference between grey and white matter?

A

Grey (unmyelinated)

White (myelinated)

38
Q

Does grey or white matter contain the axon of the neuron?

A

White
Remember axons are myelinated
the white colour is dervied from the fat which insulates the axon

39
Q

Does the grey or white matter contain the dendrites and cell body?

A

Grey

40
Q

Supradiaphramagic

Quadriplegia results in paralysis below?

A

The neck

quad means 4 limbs

41
Q

Paraplegia

A

InfraDiaphragmatic

Osteopathy Term 2 (28 decks)

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