Neuro COPY Flashcards
Causes of complex opthalmoplegia
(eye movement weaknesses that cannot be explained by isolated/multiple CN palsies)
Myasthenia gravis
Kearns-Sayre (complex progressive external ophthalmoplegia)
Graves ophthalmoplegia
Miller fisher syndrome
Mononeuritis multiplex
Botulinum poisoning
Trauma and local infection
Elevated 14-3-3 in CSF
CJD
Creutzfeldt-Jakob MRI findings
Hyperintense signals in basal ganglia and thalamus
Features of CJD
Rapid cognitive decline
Myoclonus
Extrapyramidal signs
Startle response
Drugs which exacerbate myasthenia gravis
Penicillamine
Beta-blockers
Lithium
Phenytoin
Antibiotics
Myasthenia gravis 1st-line management
Pyridostigmine
Pyridostigmine MOA
Long-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Features of Superficial Siderosis
Dementia
Ataxia
Sensorineural hearing loss
Anosmia
Anisocoria
Superficial siderosis pathophysiology
Chronic iron deposition in CNS, secondary to SAH/SDH
Syringomelia classic presentation
Neck + arm loss of temperature sensation.
Most common primary brain tumour in adults
Glioblastoma multiforme
Management of glioblastoma multiforme
Surgery followed by chemo-radiotherapy
Second most common primary brain tumour in adults
Meningioma
Glioblastoma multiforme prognosis
~ 1 year
Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy inheritance
AD
Fasciocapulohumeral dystrophy presentation
Shoulder, upper arm and facial muscles affected
Progressive
Motor neuron disease - medical management (in ALS)
Riluzole
Riluzole MOA
Inhibits glutamate receptors
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - associated drugs
- Contraceptives
- Steroids
- Tetracyclines
- Vitamin A
- Lithium
- Levothyroxine
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - management
Weight loss
Acetazolamide, Topiramate
Repeated lumbar puncture
Surgery: optic nerve sheath decompression/fenestration. Shunt.
MS MRI findings
High signal T2 lesions
Periventricular plaques
“Dawson fingers” - hyperintense lesions perpendicular to corpus callosum
MS CSF findings
Oligoclonal bands (and not in serum)
Increased intrathecal IgG
Wernicke’s encephalopathy classic triad
Opthalmoplegia/nystagmus
Ataxia
Confusion
Miller-Fisher syndrome classic triad
Opthalmoplegia
Ataxia
Arreflexia