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Bmsc207 > Neuro 9 > Flashcards

Neuro 9 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: both the posterior and anterior pituitary are neural tissue

A

No 1 just the posterior

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2
Q

What are considered special senses?

A

Vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

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3
Q

What are the somatic senses?

A

Touch, temperature, pain, itch

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4
Q

What’s visceral stimuli

A

Blood pressure , blood glucose concentration, internal stuff

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the sensory system?

A

Provide us with information about our external environments

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6
Q

What is the ending of a somatic sensory neuron? (Simple neuron)

A

Bare endings

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7
Q

What’s a complex neurons receptor? What do they sense?

A

Nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsules

They sense touch

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8
Q

What’s special about special senses?

A

They have a non neuronal cell that contains receptors

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9
Q

What are chemoreceptors activated by?

A

Chemicals

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10
Q

What are mechanoreceptors activated by

A

Mechanical stimulus

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11
Q

What are photoreceptors activated by?

A

Light

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12
Q

What are thermoreceptors activated by?

A

Temperature

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13
Q

What are physical stimuli transduced into?

A

Receptor potentials (basically graded potentials)

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14
Q

What do mechanically gated channels do?

A

Convert mechanical stimulus into electrical signal

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15
Q

What does a primary sensory neuron do?

A

Recieves stimulus

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16
Q

What does a tertiary neuron do?

A

Carries info to region of cerebral cortex

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17
Q

What’s the neuron steps to get information from the Skin to the cerebral cortex

A

Primary sensory neuron
Secondary sensory neuron
Tertiary neuron

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18
Q

What stimuli always cross the midline at the medulla?

A

Fine touch, vibration, proprioception pathways

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19
Q

What is an inhibitory neuron?

A

A primary sensory neuron that gets activated but doesn’t become a perceived stimulus

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20
Q

What are receptive fields?

A

A physical area that a sensory neuron can respond with

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21
Q

What is convergence?

A

Convergence creates large receptive fields
Overlapping of neuron receptors

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22
Q

What happens with a large receptive field?

A

There is no two point discrimination because there is a convergence of primary neurons that sum to one secondary sensory neuron

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23
Q

What are two stimuli that fall within the same secondary receptive field perceived as?

A

A single point → because only 1 signal goes to the brain

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24
Q

Where are small receptive fields found?

A

More sensitive areas such as finger tips

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25
Q

When fewer neurons converge, what happens?

A

Secondary sensory neurons are much smaller and there is 2 point discrimination

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26
Q

Where is visceral sensory incorporated

A

Into the brainstem and spinal cord

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27
Q

Where is special and sensory information routed through?

A

Thalamus

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28
Q

what does the thalamus do with information

A

relays it to cortical centres

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29
Q

where do equilibrium pathways primarily project?

A

cerebellum

30
Q

which senses have dedicated cortical regions

A

special senses

31
Q

which senses are integrated into the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

somatic senses

32
Q

which sense does NOT go through the thalamus

A

smell - it goes through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex

33
Q

what are the 4 properties that the CNS uses to distinguish a stimulus

A

modality
location
intensity
duration

34
Q

what does modality describe

A

the physical stimuli being sensed and determined by the sensory receptor being activated (temp vs touch receptors and where the pathways terminate in the brain)

35
Q

what does the amount of space dedicated to each body part on the somatosensory cortex mean?

A

the amount of space for the body part is proportional to the sensitivity of that part (think of the weird guy with huge hands)

36
Q

how is the location of the stimulus determined?

A

they are coded according to which receptive fields are being activated

37
Q

what is a receptor potential?
a) an action potential
b) a graded potential
c) the resting membrane potential of a receptor cell

A

a graded potential

38
Q

what does lateral inhibition help with?

A

helping the brain very accurately pinpoint where a stimulus is coming from

39
Q

what is lateral inhibition?

A

when the pathway that is the closest to the stimulus inhibits the neighbouring neuron’s/pathways (inhibition of lateral neurons)

40
Q

does an action potential ever die off

A

it is always regenerated

41
Q

what is intensity of a stimulus determined by ?

A

the numbers of receptors being activated
and the frequency of action potentials coming from those receptors
(population coding and frequency coding)

42
Q

what is population coding? and what does it play a part in determining?

A

it is overall number of receptors that is being activated (so the overall number that is providing input)

it helps with determining the intensity of a stimulus

43
Q

what is frequency coding? and what does it play a part in determining?

A

it is the frequency of an action potential firing

it helps with determining the intensity of a stimulus

44
Q

what is the duration of a stimulus determined by

A

it is determined by how long action potentials are being activated

45
Q

what is the frequency of an action potential proportional to?

A

stimulus intensity

46
Q

what makes neurotransmitter release vary?

A

the pattern of action potentials arriving at the axon terminal

47
Q

what type of receptors does duration depend on? (2)

A

tonic receptors
phasic receptors

48
Q

what are tonic receptors

A

they are slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of the stimulus

49
Q

what are phasic receptors

A

they are receptors that rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off once stimulus is constant

they require a stimulus change to activate again

50
Q

True or false: each receptor is most sensitive to a particular type of stimulus

A

True

51
Q

How can the brain tell the origin of each incoming signal?

A

Each sensory pathway projects to a specific region Of the cerebral cortex dedicated to a particular receptive field.

52
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and many glands

53
Q

What are the subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

54
Q

What activity does parasympathetic activity dominate?

A

Rest and digest

55
Q

What activity does sympathetic activity dominate?

A

Fight or flight

56
Q

What are atomic responses important for?

A

Homeostasis

57
Q

What is an example of an autonomic response?

A

Embarrassed or becoming flushed

58
Q

Is there a definite cellular response for parasympathetic and sympathetic activity?

A

No

59
Q

What initiates autonomic and behavioural responses?

A

Hypothalamus, pons, and medulla

60
Q

What is a ganglion!

A

Group of cel’s that exist outside of the CNS

61
Q

How many neurons do autonomic pathways consist al?

A

Two that synapse in an atomic ganglion

62
Q

Is it possible for 1 preganglionic neuron to synapse with 8 or 9 postganglionic neurons? Or is it 1:1

A

Yes that is possible in autonomic pathways

63
Q

Where does the preganglionic neuron start and extend to in the autonomic system?

A

Starts in the spinal cord or brainstem to ganglion

64
Q

Where does the postganglionic neuron start und end in the autonomic system?

A

Extends from ganglion out to the target tissue

65
Q

How does sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways differ (2)

A

By point of origin in the CNS
Location of ganglia

66
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia found?

A

Mainly found in two ganglion chains running alongside the vertebral column

67
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons originate for the sympathetic pathway

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions

68
Q

What’s the length of pre and post ganglionic neurons for the sympathetic pathway

A

Short preganglionic, long post ganglion

69
Q

Where is ganglia located in the parasympathetic system?

A

Ganglia us located on or near their target organs

70
Q

Where do preganglonic neurons originate in the parasympathetic system?

A

The brain stem or the sacral region of the spinal cord

71
Q

What’s the length of the pre and post ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic region

A

Long preganglionic, short postganglionic

72
Q

What contains 75% of all parasympathetic neurons?

A

Cranial nerve x (vagus)

Bmsc207 (27 decks)

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