CV7

Question 1

what can MAP be altered by

Answer 1

cardiac output
peripheral resistance

Question 2

what causes small changes in blood volume

Answer 2

ingestion of food and liquid

Question 3

what normally resolves changes in blood volume

Answer 3

kidneys

Question 4

where is resistance highest within

Answer 4

arterioles

Question 5

how to determine where the highest resistance is

Answer 5

area of the curve with the greatest drop

Question 6

how are arterioles arranged

Answer 6

series and parallels

Question 7

how are capillaries arranged

Answer 7

parallel meaning that all blood flows through them at the same time

Question 8

what does local control of arteriolar resistance mean

Answer 8

goal is to match tissues blood needs

Question 9

what are sympathetic reflexes of arteriolar resistance

Answer 9

CNS maintaining mean arteriole pressure and given blood distribution

Question 10

what is myogenic auto regulation

Answer 10

a kind of local control

smooth muscle contracting because of an increase of blood flow to an area, constricting the vessel to not overload the capillaries

Question 11

where do you often see myogenic auto regulation

Answer 11

brain and kidneys

Question 12

what do arterioles contain

Answer 12

a variety of stretch activated TRP channels that are responsive for the depolarization leading to visceral smooth muscle contracting (myogenic response)

Question 13

what are the examples of local control

Answer 13

myogenic autoregeneration
paracrine (metabolism related)

Question 14

what will increased metabolism of a tissue cause ? (higher CO2, lactate, etc)

Answer 14

it will cause the arteriole to relax in order for more blood to come to that area. paracrines are saying the tissue needs oxygen

Question 15

what are some non metabolism paracrines that alter blood supply

Answer 15

histimine (would signal more blood flow needed - relax arterioles)
serotonin (signals that repair is needed - would constrict vessels)

Question 16

whats the main determinant of resistance in the majority of arterioles

Answer 16

the sympathetic nervous system and how activated the a1 adrenergic receptor is

Question 17

how does the sympathetic nervous system (specifically norepinephrine) affect the arterioles

Answer 17

as sympathetic activity increases, the blood vessel constricts in response to norepinephrine on a1 receptors

as it decreases, the blood vessel radius increases

Question 18

what does epinephrine have a high affinity for ? what does it lead to

Answer 18

b2 adrenergic receptors which leads to vasodilation

Question 19

50-60% of vascular smooth muscle responds how

Answer 19

innervated by sympathetic neurons releasing norepinephrine onto a1 adrenergic receptors

Question 20

if blood flow goes up in a region during sympathetic activity, what receptors does it most likely have more of

Answer 20

b2 adrenergic

Question 21

if blood flow goes down in a region during sympathetic activity, what receptors does it most likely have more of

Answer 21

a1 adrenergic

Question 22

what are the main determinants of MAP

Answer 22

cardiac output and flow out of arteries

Question 23

what is bradycardia

Answer 23

slowed heart rate

Question 24

what is tachycardia

Answer 24

fast heart rate

Question 25

how does the cardiovascular system regulate itself

Answer 25

by selectively altering blood flow to organs

Question 26

at rest, what does the regional amount of blood flow depend on

Answer 26

number and size of arteries feeding the organ

Question 27

total blood flow through all of the arteries = the ___________

Answer 27

cardiac output

Question 28

blood will always flow through the arteriole with the _________ resistance

Answer 28

least

Question 29

whats the main integrating centre of the cardiovascular function

Answer 29

Medullary cardiovascular control centre

Question 30

where is the CVCC

Answer 30

medulla

Question 31

whats the primary function of the CVCC

Answer 31

ensures adequate blood flow to the brain and heart by maintaining sufficient mean arterial pressure

Question 32

what does the CVCC have the ability to do

Answer 32

specifically alter function in a few organs or tissues

Question 33

what drives changes in autonomic output towards target tissues in the cardiovascular system

Answer 33

cardiovascular control centre (CVCC)