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Bmsc207 > CV3 > Flashcards

CV3 Flashcards

1
Q

what conducts action potentials into the left atrium

A

Bachmanns bundle

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2
Q

what is the speed of atrial conduction

A

it is relatively slow (80ms-100ms)

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3
Q

where is the important delay during conduction in the heart

A

conduction slows down during the AV node to allow blood from atria to empty into the ventricles

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4
Q

what does slow conduction through the AV node allow

A

allows for completion of ventricle filling

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5
Q

how does ventricular contraction occur (direction)

A

from the bottom to the top

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6
Q

what is the speed of ventricle contraction

A

more rapid than atria contraction (60ms-100ms)

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7
Q

what is the hearts muscle arrangement to ensure blood is squeezed upwards

A

spiral arrangement

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8
Q

what is a complete conduction block

A

its caused by damage in conduction pathway

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9
Q

what does the electrocardiogram represent

A

the summed electrical activity of all cells recorded from the surface of the body

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10
Q

what does electrocardiogram record

A

electrical changes in the extracellular fluid

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11
Q

is the extracellular fluid a good conductor of electrical energy

A

yes

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12
Q

what is einthovens triangle

A

three leads (pair of electrodes). 3 separate recordings that give their own readings

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13
Q

what happens if the electrical activity of the heart is moving towards the positive electrode

A

an upward reflection would be recorded

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14
Q

if electrical energy is moving away from the positive electrode

A

a downward deflection is recorded

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15
Q

if the electrical energy is moving perpendicularly to the axis of the electrodes, what is the deflection

A

there is no deflection

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16
Q

what do leads measure (3)

A

current
how much its moving
and what direction its moving in

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17
Q

what are ECG’s

A

combination of waves and segments

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18
Q

what is the P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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19
Q

what is the P-R segment

A

conduction through AV node and AV bundle

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20
Q

what is the QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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21
Q

what is the T wave

A

ventricular repolarization (Ca channels close)

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22
Q

what happens at the ST segment

A

ventricle contract and pump blood

23
Q

what does the Q wave represent

A

the depolarization of the intraventicular septum

24
Q

what does the R section represent

A

the depolarization of most of the ventricular walls

25
Q

whats considered the plateau phase in cardiac cycle

A

S-T segment
(ventricular contraction)

26
Q

what does the S phase represent

A

last phase of ventricular depolarization at the base of the heart

27
Q

what is the heart rate on an ECG

A

P wave - P wave

28
Q

which wave is often very small and not seen

A

Q

29
Q

what is arrhythmia

A

abnormal rhythm

30
Q

what are premature ventricular contractions? what is it perceived as?

A

purkinje fibres randomly kicking in as a pacemaker

perceived as a skipped beat or palpitation

31
Q

what are the 2 arrhythmia examples he lists

A

premature ventricular contractions
Long QT syndrome

32
Q

what is long QT syndrome

A

delayed repolarization of the ventricles due to a mutation

33
Q

what is the cardia cycle

A

one complete contraction and relaxation

34
Q

what are the 2 primary phases of cardiac cycle

A

systole
diastole

35
Q

what is systole

A

the time when the cardiac muscle contracts

36
Q

what is diastole

A

the time in which cardiac muscle relaxes

37
Q

why are diastole and systole discussed separately ?

A

the atria and ventral do not contract and relax at the same time

38
Q

whats the order of the cardiac cycle

A

late diastole
atrial systole
EDV
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
ventricular ejection
ESV
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

39
Q

what happens in late diastole

A

ventricles are filling passively

40
Q

what happens in atrial systole

A

atrial contraction (just a little more blood goes into the ventricle)

41
Q

what is EDV

A

the maximum amount of blood in the ventricles after ventricular diastole

42
Q

what happens during isovolumetric ventricular contraction

A

ventrial starts contracting but no change in volume yet
AV valve close
first heart sound

43
Q

what happens during ventricular ejection

A

blood flows into major artery

44
Q

what is ESV

A

the amount of blood left in the ventricle after ventricular systole

45
Q

what happens during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

A

ventricles are relaxing
semilunar valve close
second heart sound

46
Q

what causes the heart sounds

A

first is vibrations of the ventricular walls

second is the vibrations of the large arteries

47
Q

what does the a-a’ segment represent

A

late diastole

48
Q

what does the a’-b segment represent

A

atrial systole

49
Q

what does the b-c segment represent

A

isovolumetric contraction

50
Q

what does the c-d segment represent

A

ventricular ejection

51
Q

what does the d-a segment represent

A

isovolumetric relaxation

52
Q

whats on the x axis of the pressure loop for cardiac cycle

A

left ventricular volume

53
Q

whats on the y axis of the pressure loop for cardiac cycle

A

left ventricular pressure

Bmsc207 (27 decks)

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