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MRCEM Primary Exam > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Hvað eru arachnoid granulations?

A

Litlar útbunganir út úr subarach space-inu þar sem vökvi kemst út og inn í venous sinusa.

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2
Q

Total volume CSF:

A

Ca 140mL, 600-700mL framleiddir hins vegar daglega!

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3
Q

Fyrir hvað stendur minnisreglan O Tom Cat?

A

Stendur fyrir strúktúrana sem fara gegnum

          Oculomotor nerve
C   A  Trochlear nerve
a    b  Opthalmic grein (frá trigeminal)
r     d  Maxillary (frá trigeminal)
o    u
t     c
i     e
d    n
      s

int

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4
Q

Hvaðan drenerast venublóð inn í cavernous sinus?

A

Aðallega frá höfði og heila en líka frá miðandliti t.d. orbitu. Sýking þar getur valdið thrombosu í cavernous sinus og konsekvent skemmdum á strúktúrunum sem fara þar í gegn.

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5
Q

Arterial pCO2 hefur hvaða áhrif á cerebral blood flow?

A

Eykur blóðflæði eftir því sem það hækkar

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6
Q

Middle cerebral artery er framhald af…

A

…internal carotid artery

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7
Q

Pre central gyrus er..

A

… motor cortex

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8
Q

Post central gyrus er

A

sensory cortex

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9
Q

Brocas area er hvar?

A

Frontal lobe, sér um speech production (enda motor cortex). Yfirleitt vi. megin hjá 90% fólks.

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10
Q

Hvar er Wernicke´s area og hvað gerir það?

A

Temporal lobe öðru megin.

Hefur með málskilning að gera (enda sensory cortex).

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11
Q

Hvaða máli skipta lenticulostriate æðagreinarnar?

A

Lenticulostriate branches koma upp frá middle cerebral artery og næra internal capsule. Algengt að fá lacunar infarcta ef það eru þrengingar þarna, t.d. æðakalkanir.

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12
Q

Hvaða einkenni fær maður við stroke frá anterior cerebral artery?

A
  • Contralateral leg paresis (frekar en handlegg)

- Disinhibition (út af frontal lobe involvement)

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13
Q

Einkenni við stroke frá middle cerebral artery EF left dominant heilahvel (vinstra er ráðandi hjá 90% fólks):

A
  • Hægri hemiparesa: andlit og efri útlimur (getur líka verið aðeins frá fæti)
  • Hægra sensory loss
  • Right homonymous hemianopia
  • Dysarthria (út af vöðvunum sem við notum til að tala)
  • Receptive aphasia (út af wernicke)
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14
Q

Einkenni við stroke frá middle cerebral artery EF non-dominant hemisphere (hægra heilahvel hjá 90% fólks)

A
  • Vinstri hemiparesa: andlit og efri útlimur (getur líka verið aðeins frá fæti)
  • Vinstra sensory loss
  • Vinstri homonymous hemianopia
  • Vinstri neglect
  • Dyspraxia (missir hæfileikann til að framkvæma flóknari lærða hluti eins og t.d. að krulla hár eða slíkt)
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15
Q

Einkenni við lacunar stroke (sem eru nærð af MCA):

A

Motor eða sensory defects

Yfirleitt góð prognosa af því að þarna er oft góð circulation frá öðrum æðum.

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16
Q

Einkenni við posterior cerebral artery stroke:

A
  • homonymous hemianopia
  • minnistruflanir
  • thalamic sx.
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17
Q

Einkenni við heilastofnsstroke, t.d. í basilar arteries:

A
  • Yfirleitt meðvitundarskerðing
  • Contralateral motor og sensory skerðing fyrir neðan lesionina
  • Ipsilateral cranial nerve palsies
  • Cerebellar einkenni: t.d. ógleði, uppköst, ataxia, nystagmus
  • Oft bilateral defektar
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18
Q

Central cord syndrome:

A
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19
Q

Posterior columns í mænu, einkenni ef skaði:

A

Ipsilateral missir á titringsskyni

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20
Q

Corticospinal tracts, einkenni við skaða:

A

Ipsilateral motor skaði

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21
Q

Spinothalamic tracts, einkenni ef skaði:

A
  • Ber sensory upplýsingar upp til thalamus, krossar yfir. Fáum því contralateral einkenni.
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22
Q

Anterior spinal artery syndrome:

A

Aðeins posterior column function helst intact.

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23
Q

Brown Sequard syndrome:

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) is a rare neurological condition characterized by a lesion in the spinal cord which results in weakness or paralysis (hemiparaplegia) on one side of the body and a loss of sensation (hemianesthesia) on the opposite side

24
Q

Hvar eru og hvað heita staðirnir tveir þar sem mænan breikkar?

A
  • The cervical enlargement (between C3 and T1), which represents the origin of the brachial plexus, and;
  • The lumbosacral enlargement (between T9 and L1), which represents the origin of the lumbosacral plexus
25
Q

Hvað heita dældirnar tvær sem ganga upp og niður eftir mænunni?

A
  • The anterior median fissure, which is a deep groove extending the length of the anterior surface of the spinal cord, and;
  • The posterior median sulcus, a shallower depression extending the length of the posterior surface of the spinal cord
26
Q

Hvernig verður ein spinal nerve til?

A

Each of the spinal nerves begins as an anterior (motor) nerve root and a posterior (sensory) nerve root. These roots emerge from the cord and amalgamate at the intervertebral foramina, forming a single spinal nerve.

27
Q

Hvaða upplýsingar bera anterior og posterior rami?

A

The spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal via their individual intervertebral foramina and divide into anterior and posterior rami. The anterior rami carry sensory and motor information to and from the anterolateral parts of the trunk and limbs. The posterior rami carry sensory and motor information to and from the skin and deep muscles of the back.

28
Q

Hvaða heilataug kemur frá midbrain?

A

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

29
Q

Hvaða tvær heilataugar koma frá stóra heila?

A

The first two cranial nerves, the olfactory nerve and the optic nerve.

30
Q

Hvaða heilataug kemur frá midbrain-pontine mótunum?

A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

31
Q

Hvaða heilataug kemur frá pons?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

32
Q

Hvaða 3 heilataugar koma frá pontine-medulla junction?

A 
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
33
Q

Hvaða 3 heilataugar koma frá medulla oblongata (posteriort við olive):

A 
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
34
Q

Hvaða heilataug kemur frá medulla oblongata (anteriort við olive):

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

35
Q

Hvernig er æðaflæðinu til pons háttað?

A

The arterial supply to the pons is mainly derived from the basilar artery and its branches:

  • The paramedian branches supply the medial pons
  • The short circumferential branches supply the anterolateral pons
  • The long circumferential branches run laterally over the pons and anastomose with branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.

There are also some reinforcing contributions made by the anterior inferior cerebellar and superior cerebellar arteries.

36
Q

Hvernig er æðanæring til medial pons?

A

The paramedian branches supply the medial pons

37
Q

Æðanæring til anterolateral pons:

A

The short circumferential branches supply the anterolateral pons

38
Q

Hvaða æðar fara lateralt yfir pons og við hvaða æðar anastomosa þær?

A

The long circumferential branches run laterally over the pons and anastomose with branches of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.

39
Q

5 einkenni sem geta komið fram við lesion í occipital lobe:

A
  • Cortical blindness
  • Achromatopsia (impaired perception of colour)
  • Visual agnosia (inability to understand the meaning of objects despite normal primary visual fields)
  • Akinetopsia (inability to recognise the movement of an object)
  • Homonymous hemianopia
40
Q

Uppbygging mænunnar:

A

The internal spinal cord consists of white matter in the periphery, grey matter centrally, and a tiny central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the centre. A single layer of cells, called the ependymal layer, lies immediately around the central canal.

41
Q

Hvað er að finna í gráa efninu í mænu og í hvaða 4 parta skiptist það?

A

The grey matter mainly contains the cell bodies of neurons and glia and is divided into four parts:

  • The dorsal horn
  • The intermediate column
  • The lateral horn
  • The ventral horn
42
Q

Hvar í mænunni er dorsal horn að finna í gráa efninu og hvað gerir það?

A

The dorsal horn is found at all spinal cord levels and is comprised of sensory nuclei that receive and process incoming somatosensory information.

From there, ascending projections emerge to transmit the sensory information to the midbrain and diencephalon.

43
Q

Hvað er að finna í intermediate column, lateral og ventral horn í gráa efni mænunnar?

A

The intermediate column and the lateral horn comprise autonomic neurons innervating visceral and pelvic organs. The ventral horn comprises motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle.

44
Q

Hvað er að finna í hvíta efni mænunnar og hvaða 3 brautir eru þar?

A

The white matter mainly consists of the spinal tracts. These are large bundles of nerves that conduct information from the brain to the spinal cord and vice versa. The white matter tracts include:

  • The corticospinal tracts
  • The spinothalamic tracts
  • The posterior tracts (dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway)
45
Q

Uppruni, anatómía og lega opthalmic nerve:

A

The ophthalmic nerve is one of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). The ophthalmic nerve leaves the trigeminal ganglion and runs forward in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus below the trochlea nerve. It is crossed medially by the oculomotor nerve.

It then divides into three terminal branches, each of which exit the cranium separately through the superior orbital fissure.

46
Q

Í hvaða 3 greinar skiptist opthalmic nerve (sem er grein frá trigeminal nerve)?

A
  1. Frontal nerve
  2. Lacrimal nerve
  3. Nasociliary nerve
47
Q

Hvað heitir stærsta grein opthalmic nerve (sem er fyrsta grein trigeminal taugar) og í hvaða tvær greinar skiptist hún svo? Hvað gera þær?

A

This is the largest branch of CN V. Midway between the apex and the base of the orbit, it divides into two branches

  • the supratrochlear nerve
  • the supraorbital nerve.

It provides sensory innervation to the skin of the forehead, the mucosa of the frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid.

48
Q

Hvað gerir frontal nerve, fyrsta grein opthalmic taugar?

A

It provides sensory innervation to the skin of the forehead, the mucosa of the frontal sinus, and the skin of the upper eyelid.

49
Q

Hvaða tvær greinar koma frá ophtalmic nerve (sem er fyrsta grein trigeminal taugarinnar)?

A
  • the supratrochlear nerve

- the supraorbital nerve

50
Q

Hvað heitir smæsta grein opthalmic taugarinnar, sem er grein frá trigeminal taug? Hvað gerir þessi grein?

A

The lacrimal nerve: this is the smallest branch of CN V. It provides sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and lateral upper eyelids.

51
Q

Hvað gerir lacrimal nerve, sem er grein frá opthalmic nerve?

A

It provides sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and lateral upper eyelids.

52
Q

Hvað heita greinarnar 4 sem nasociliary nerve frá opthalmic nerve gefur frá sér og hvaða hlutverk hafa þessar greinar?

A
  • The ethmoidal nerves (supplies the ethmoidal cells and sphenoidal sinus)
  • The infratrochlear nerve (supplies the skin of the upper eyelids and the bridge of the nose, the conjunctiva, and the lacrimal sac)
  • The long ciliary nerve (supplies the eyeball)
  • The sensory root of the ciliary ganglion
53
Q

Venuflæði frá cerebellum (litla heila):

A

Venous drainage of the cerebellum is via the superior and inferior cerebellar veins, which in turn drain into dural venous sinuses.

54
Q

Blóðflæði til cerebellum:

A

3 sett af pöruðum æðum:

  • The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) – a branch of the basilar artery
  • The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) – a branch of the basilar artery
  • The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) – a branch of the vertebral artery
55
Q

Anatómía sjónbrauta - af hverju valda temporal lobe og parietal lobe lesionir homonymous quadrantanopias?

A

Each optic tract passes from the posterolateral angle of the optic chiasm, running lateral to the cerebral peduncle and medial to the uncus of the temporal lobe before reaching the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus.

The LGN acts as a relay centre and sends axons through the optic radiation to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. The upper optic radiation carries fibres from the superior retinal quadrants (which corresponds to the lower half of the visual field) and travels through the parietal lobe. The lower optic radiation carries fibres from the inferior retinal quadrants (which corresponds to the upper half of the visual field) and travels through the temporal lobe.

Therefore, temporal lobe lesions can cause superior homonymous quadrantanopias, and parietal lobe lesions can cause inferior homonymous quadrantanopias.

MRCEM Primary Exam (21 decks)

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