Anatómía höfuðs og háls II

Question 1

Hvað eru heilahólfin mörg?

Answer 1

Two lateral ventricles (right and left)
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle

Question 2

Hvar eru lateral heilahólfin staðsett og hvernig eru þau í laginu?

Answer 2

The two lateral ventricles are located in the left and right cerebral hemispheres, respectively. Each lateral ventricle is a C-shaped cavity that is divided into a body, anterior, inferior and posterior horns. The anterior horn extends forwards into the frontal lobe, the posterior horn extends backwards into the occipital lobe, and the inferior horn extends into the temporal lobe. The body of the lateral ventricle is the central portion that is situated just posterior to the frontal horn.

Question 3

Hvar er þriðja heilahólfið og hvernig er það í laginu?

Answer 3

The third ventricle is a slit-like space in the sagittal plane that is situated between the right and left thalamus. It contains two protrusions on its anterior surface, the supra-optic recess and the infundibular recess. The supra-optic recess is situated superiorly to the optic chiasm, and the infundibular recess is situated superiorly to the optic stalk. The hypothalamus is situated below the third ventricle.

Question 4

Hvar er fjórða heilahólfið og hvernig er það í laginu?

Answer 4

The fourth ventricle is situated within the brainstem at the junction between the pons and the medulla oblongata. It has a characteristic diamond shape in cross-section.

Question 5

Hvað heitir gangurinn sem tengir lateral ventricla við þriðja ventricel í heila?

Answer 5

The interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro) connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle at the midline of the brain

Question 6

Hvað heitir gangurinn sem tengir 3. og 4. heilahólf?

Answer 6

The cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle

Question 7

Hvað heitir gangurinn sem tengir 4. heilahólf við subarachnoid space via cisterna magna?

Answer 7

The median aperture (foramen of Magendie) connects the fourth ventricle with the subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna

Question 8

Hvað heita göngin sem tengja 4. heilahólf við subarach space via cistern of the great cerebral vein?

Answer 8

The right and left lateral apertures (apertures of Luschka) connect the fourth ventricle with the subarachnoid space via the cistern of the great cerebral vein

Question 9

Ítaugun hársvarðar:

Answer 9

There are six main nerves that innervate the scalp. These are branches of either the trigeminal nerve or the cervical nerves.

The branches of the trigeminal nerve that innervate the scalp are:

• The supratrochlear nerve is a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and it supplies the anteromedial forehead.
• The supraorbital nerve is also a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and it supplies the scalp region between the anterolateral forehead and the vertex.
• The zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and supplies the region of the temple.
• The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and supplies the skin supero-anteriorly to the auricle.

The branches of the cervical nerves that innervate the scalp are:

• The greater occipital nerve is a branch of the anterior rami of cervical nerves C2 and C3. It supplies the posterior aspect of the scalp up to the vertex.
• The lesser occipital nerve is also a branch of the anterior rami of cervical nerves C2 and C3. It supplies the area posterior to the auricle.

Question 10

Ítaugun anterior hluta nefhols:

Answer 10

The anterior ethmoidal nerve (a branch the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve) – supplies the anterior portion of the nasal cavities

Question 11

Ítaugun inferior 2/3 á nefslímhúðinni:

Answer 11

The nasopalatine nerve (a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve) – supplies the inferior 2/3 of the nasal mucosa

Question 12

Ítaugun lateral veggja nefhols:

Answer 12

The nasal branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve, the greater palatine nerve, and the anterior ethmoidal nerve – supply the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

Question 13

Hvað eru barnatennurnar margar, um hvaða aldursbil koma þær fyrstu upp og hvaða tennur eru yfirleitt fyrstar?

Answer 13

There are 20 primary teeth (deciduous teeth). These first appear around 6-8 months of age. The lower central incisor is usually the first to appear. Secondary teeth (permanent teeth) are usually complete by the age of 18 years.

Question 14

Hvað og hvar er infratemporal fossa?

Answer 14

The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped area of the skull base that is situated between the ramus of the mandible and the pharynx and lies below the zygomatic arch.

Question 15

Hvaða 7 taugar eiga leið um infratemporal fossu?

Answer 15

• Mandibular nerve
• Auriculotemporal nerve
• Buccal nerve
• Lingual nerve
• Inferior alveolar nerve
• Chorda tympani
• Otic ganglion

Question 16

Hvaða 4 æðar eiga leið um infratemporal fossu?

Answer 16

Middle meningeal artery
Inferior alveolar artery
Deep temporal artery
Buccal artery

Question 17

Hvaða 2 venur eiga leið um infratemporal fossu?

Answer 17

Pterygoid plexus

Retromandibuar vein

Question 18

Hvaða 4 vöðvar eru í infratemporal fossu?

Answer 18

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

Question 19

Hvaða taug ítaugar gólfið í munni?

Answer 19

The floor of the mouth is innervated by the lingual nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

Question 20

Hvaða hlutar orbicularis oculi sjá um að loka auganu ljúflega vs. harkalega?

Answer 20

Palpebral hlutinn sér um ljúflokun.

Orbital hlutinn sé um harkalega lokun.