Nervous Tissue

Question 1

divisions of the central nervous system

Answer 1

cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 2

components of the cerebrum

Answer 2

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

Question 3

characteristics of the central nervous system

Answer 3

brain, brainstem, spinal cord

Question 4

characteristics of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 4

nerve fibers, nerve endings, sympathetic and parasympathetic, autonomic nervous system

Question 5

summarize embryonic development of the nervous system

Answer 5

dorsal ectoderm thickens, becomes indented forming the neural groove with neural folds on each side which close to form a tube which becomes the CNS, PNS is derived from neural crest cells

Question 6

structure of a neuron

Answer 6

soma (cell body), axon, dendrites, terminal button, and synapses

Question 7

3 types of neurons

Answer 7

sensory, interneurons, motor neurons

Question 8

summarize axonal transport

Answer 8

transport system for organelles, enzymes, and metabolites from the cell body to the synapses; enzymes and cytoskeletal elements are transported slowly, membrane bound organelles are transported quickly

Question 9

3 layers of the meninges

Answer 9

dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 10

difference between white and grey matter

Answer 10

white matter is lots of myelinated axons and grey matter has low myelin with many neuron bodies

Question 11

4 types of glial cells

Answer 11

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells

Question 12

luxol fast blue

Answer 12

differentiates between white and grey matter by staining white matter deep blue; in the spinal column white matter is on the outside, in the brain white matter is on the inside

Question 13

pyramidal

Answer 13

multipolar, found in the hippocampus

Question 14

astrocytes

Answer 14

large, oval nuclei, multiprocessed with a stellate appearance,
maintains the blood/brain barrier, found near blood vessels and acts as scaffolding for specialized neural elements

Question 15

oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

small dark nuclei with a white halo, abundant mitochondria, RER, golgi complex and free ribosomes. myelinates several nearby axons in the CNS

Question 16

ependymal cells

Answer 16

secretory and ion transportation epithelium, cilliated simple columnar cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 17

microglial cells

Answer 17

multiprocessed, fixed phagocytic cells (macrophages of the CNS) with cigar shaped nuclei, first and main form of active immune defense in the CNS

Question 18

endoneurium

Answer 18

cellular matrix composed of longitudinal collagen fibers that surrounds individual axons and schwann cells

Question 19

epineurium

Answer 19

outer sheath of fibrocollagenous tissue that binds nerve fascicles into a nerve trunk

Question 20

perineurium

Answer 20

surrounds groups of axons and endoneurium to form small bundles called fascicles, composed of layers of flattened cells separated by concentric layers of collagen

Question 21

fascicle

Answer 21

small bundles of axons and endoneurium contained by the perineurium

Question 22

nissl substance

Answer 22

basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum sometimes visible in the cytoplasm of neurons

Question 23

cell body (soma)

Answer 23

contains the nucleus and perinuclear cytoplasm, different sizes and shapes based on location and function

Question 24

axon

Answer 24

conducts impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. may receive stimuli from other neurons

Question 25

dendrites

Answer 25

increase the surface area for interacting with axons of other neurons, specialized for receiving information from sensory cells, axons and other neurons, transmits impulses towards the cell body

Question 26

dura mater

Answer 26

tough fibrocollagenous layer which forms the outer coat of the CNS, dense irregular connective tissue

Question 27

arachnoid

Answer 27

delicate fibrocollagenous layer with web like strands that contain cerebrospinal fluid

Question 28

pia mater

Answer 28

delicate layer of loose fibrocollagenous tissue that completely envelopes the CNS

Question 29

ultrastructure of a neuron

Answer 29

highly metabolic, large nucleus and central nucleolus because of high transcriptional activity, nissl substance found in the cell body and dendrites but NOT the axon, well developed golgi complex for secretion, large number of mitochondria and lysosomes for high cell turnover (but not cell division)

Question 30

schwann cells

Answer 30

myelinate single axons in the PNS

Question 31

synapses

Answer 31

the space between an axon and other cells that allows for electrical and chemical communication between neurons and other effector cells such as skeletal muscle

Question 32

fibrous astrocytes

Answer 32

long processes found mostly in white matter, rich in Gfap

Question 33

protoplasmic astrocytes

Answer 33

long thin processes mostly found in grey matter, low in Gfap

Question 34

terminal button

Answer 34

end portion of the axon which associates with another neuron in a synapse