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Histology Fall 2019 > Final Exam Review for 2100 Histology > Flashcards

Final Exam Review for 2100 Histology Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria

A

power house of the cell

produces ATP by breaking glycogen down to glucose

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2
Q

ribosomes

A

use mRNA to synthesize protein
found in the rough ER and cytoplasm
produced in the nucleolus
acidic, basophilic, stain blue

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3
Q

smooth ER

A

contiguous with the rough ER
agranular with no ribosomes
transport, lipid synthesis and storage

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4
Q

rough ER

A

contiguous with the nuclear envelope
granular with embedded ribosomes
transport and packaging of proteins

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5
Q

nucleus

A

“brain” of the cell
contains DNA and the nucleolus
produces mRNA for protein synthesis
acidic, basophilic, stains blue

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6
Q

nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes
contained within the nucleus
acidic, basophilic, stains blue

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7
Q

types of epithelium

A

simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified columnar, transitional

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8
Q

simple squamous

A

one layer of thin flat plates
metabolic: transport of nutrients, ions, and gasses
lines capillaries, veins, lungs, bowman’s capsule in the renal corpuscle, and lumen of the heart

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9
Q

stratified squamous

A

thin flat plates on top, more cuboidal near base
two or more layers of cells
defensive, like skin, lining of the mouth, and esophagus

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10
Q

simple cuboidal

A

single layer of cube shaped cells
found in the lining of ducts for secretion and absorption
thyroid follicles, ovary exterior, renal tubules, pancreas

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11
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

secretion and protection

sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

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12
Q

columnar

A

column shaped, single layer, sometimes ciliated with nucleus near the base
line the bronchi, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and uterus

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13
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

appear columnar with nuclei at various levels
respiratory tract, often ciliated
Fallopian tubes

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14
Q

collagen fibers

A

found in tendons and ligaments
secreted by fibroblasts
yields flexibility with high tensile strength

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15
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

few cells, mostly fibroblasts, more collagen fibers
parallel arrangement of fibers, looks similar to muscle
tendons and ligaments

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16
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

few cells, mostly fibroblasts, more collagen fibers, less ground substance
random arrangement of fibers for higher strength but less flexibility
found in dermis and organ capsules

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17
Q

loose connective tissue

A

acts as a cushion
highly cellular with few fibers, areolar
flexible, well vascularized, loose irregular fibers

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18
Q

elastic fibers

A

helps restore tissue shape after stretching
found in skin, vocal cords, lungs, diaphragm, bladder, and blood vessels
Van Geisen stains fibers black

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19
Q

reticular fibers

A

synthesized during wound repair and later replaced by collagen
act as a support structure in thymus, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow
fibers stain black with silver salts

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20
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations

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21
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations, looks similar to dense regular connective tissue, cells are spindle shaped, central cigar shaped single nuclei

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22
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, multiple peripheral nuclei, parallel fibers with no branching, sarcomere units are defined by Z lines

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23
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, round central single nuclei, branching parallel fibers, intercalated disks mark units

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24
Q

axon

A

conducts impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
may receive stimuli from other neurons

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25
Q

dendrite

A

increase surface area for interacting with other neurons
transmits impulses towards the cell body
specialized for receiving information

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26
Q

synapse

A

space between an axon and another cell where electrical and chemical communication occurs

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27
Q

nissl substance

A

basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough ER sometimes visible in the cytoplasm of neurons

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28
Q

microglia

A

cigar shaped nuclei
fixed phagocytic cells
macrophages of the central nervous system
main form of immune defense in the central nervous system

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29
Q

node of ranvier

A

gap between schwann cells

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30
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinate single axons in the peripheral nervous system

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31
Q

node of ranvier

A

gap between schwann cells (myelin sheath)

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32
Q

myelin

A

insulates axons and helps increase speed of signal transduction along the axon
white matter is highly myelinated, grey is mostly neuron bodies
Luxol fast blue stains white matter(myelin) blue
Outside for spinal column, inside for brain

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33
Q

Wright stain

A

helps differentiate blood cell types
stain peripheral blood smears and bone marrow aspirates
used for white blood cell counts
uses eosin and methylene blue

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34
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean shaped secondary lymph organ
filters the lymph fluid
produces lymphocytes and synthesizes antibodies

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35
Q

tonsils

A

defense against viral and bacterial infections

similar to lymph nodes, but have crypts and various epithelia based on location

36
Q

thymus

A

maturation of T lymphocytes
flat bi-lobed organ subdivided by trabeculae
cortex, medulla, and hassal’s corpuscles

37
Q

spleen

A

filters blood, recycles iron
capsule, trabeculae
red pulp (red) surrounds islands of white pulp (purple)

38
Q

Artery tunica intima

A

20% of wall thickness
simple squamous epithelium
internal elastic lamina

39
Q

Vein tunica intima

A

very thin
simple squamous epithelium
little to no internal elastic lamina

40
Q

Artery tunica media

A

many smooth muscle layers
thickest layer
has external elastic lamina

41
Q

Vein tunica media

A

few smooth muscle layers
irregular lumen shape
no external elastic lamina

42
Q

Artery tunica adventitia

A

connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers

contains vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis

43
Q

Vein tunica adventitia

A

connective tissue

thinner than the artery

44
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

intima, media, adventitia

45
Q

arteries

A 
round
smaller lumen
thicker walls
no valves
blood is actively pumped
46
Q

veins

A

irregular larger lumen
thinner walls
has valves (to maintain pressure)
blood flows passively

47
Q

alveoli

A

increase surface area of the lungs for gas exchange
made of type 1 (simple squamous)
and type 2 ( simple cuboidal) pneumocytes

48
Q

alveolar duct

A

connect bronchioles to the alveoli

49
Q

bronchus

A

branches off from the trachea into each lung

50
Q

bronchiole

A

tree within the lungs further subdividing until you reach the alveoli

51
Q

epithelium pattern of the respiratory system

A

starts with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the trachea and bronchi, columnar epithelium shortens and flattens out to nearly cuboidal and then squamous and cuboidal in the alveoli

52
Q

lungs

A

respiration, gas exchange

53
Q

esophagus

A

25cm long, moves food from mouth to stomach
mucosa: stratified squamous
submucosa: blood vessels, glands, connective tissue
muscularis externa: upper third is skeletal, lower third is smooth, middle is a mix
adventitia: connective tissue that adheres to surrounding organs

54
Q

liver

A

large, highly vascular, 4 lobes
exocrine and endocrine activity
filters digestive blood, detoxifies, produces clotting proteins, produces bile
functional unit is the hepatocyte
kupffer cells are macrophages of the liver
sinusoids are spindles between hepatocytes

55
Q

gall bladder

A

pear shaped, 3 layers (unlike the rest of the digestive tract)
mucosa, muscularis, adventitia
simple columnar epithelium
stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver

56
Q

appendix

A

worm shaped tube
large number of lymph nodules in the mucosa and submucosa
4 layers

57
Q

stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium
cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells
4 layers

58
Q

small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum
simple columnar epithelium
4 layers

59
Q

large intestine

A

simple columnar epithelium
ileocecal junction, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum anus
4 layers

60
Q

esophagus

A

25cm long, moves food from mouth to stomach
mucosa: stratified squamous
submucosa: blood vessels, glands, connective tissue
muscularis externa: upper third is skeletal, lower third is smooth, middle is a mix
adventitia: connective tissue that adheres to surrounding organs
4 layers

61
Q

space of mall

A

forms lymph in the liver

62
Q

space of disse

A

between sinusoids and hepatocytes

exchange of noncellular substances between the liver and blood

63
Q

compact bone (cortical)

A

rigid outer shell that resists deformation
unit is the osteon; the haversian canal is surrounded by concentrically arranged osteocytes, and filament-like canaliculi

64
Q

spongy bone (trabecular)

A

softer, weaker, more flexible

lamellar in appearance with embedded osteocytes but no haversian canals

65
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

nose, respiratory tract, ends of ribs, articular surfaces of bones
chondrocytes in lacunae arranged in isogenous groups
outer surface is covered in dense connective tissue called perichondrium

66
Q

elastic cartilage

A

external ear, epiglottis, larynx
less defined isogenous groups of lacunae
has perichondrium and elastic fibers

67
Q

fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, knee joint, where tendons attach to bone
difficult to see the chondrocytes in lacunae
no perichondrium

68
Q

thyroid

A

secretes thyroxin and calcitonin (C cells)
two lateral lobes joined by an isthmus
thin collagenous capsule subdivided into irregular lobes by septa
arises from tongue root endoderm

69
Q

parathyroid

A

located within the thyroid inside a thin tissue capsule
fatty, stains purple
secretes parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood

70
Q

adrenal gland

A

sit on top of the kidneys
medulla secretes fight or flight hormones
cortex produces steroid hormones

71
Q

regions of the posterior pituitary

A

neuronal processes and glia (pituicytes)
neural lobe (pars nervosa)
pituitary stalk (infundibular stem)
infundibulum

72
Q

pancreas

A

part of the digestive system
secretes insulin, hormones, and enzymes that aid digestion
has both endocrine and exocrine functions

73
Q

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

74
Q

types and location of epithelium in the urinary system

A

bowman’s capsule is simple squamous
tubules are simple cuboidal, brush border for proximal
loop of henle starts and ends with cuboidal and has simple squamous in the middle
ureters, bladder, and urethra are transitional epithelium

75
Q

kidney

A

filters and cleanses the blood
bean shaped organ has a cortex and medulla
medulla is composed of pyramids which contain the nephrons
nephrons are the functional units
renal corpuscle is the initial site of filtration
ureter and vessels enter through the hilum

76
Q

function of germ cells

A

components for embryogenesis (spermatozoa and oocytes)

77
Q

4 types of ovarian follicles

A 
primordial follicle: primary oocyte in outer cortex, simple squamous epithelium
primary follicle (maturing): squamous becoming cuboidal
secondary follicle (maturing)
Graafian follicle (mature)
78
Q

female reproductive epitheliums

A

Fallopian tubes are cilliated pseudostratified columnar, endocervix is tall columnar, ectocervix is stratified squamous, uterus is simple columnar epithelium, vagina is stratified squamous

79
Q

male reproductive epitheliums

A

simple columnar (sertoli cells) in testes, pseudostratified columnar epithelium in prostate, epididymis, pseudostratified cilliated columnar in vas deferens

80
Q

function of leydig cells

A

produce androgens, like testosterone

81
Q

4 types of ovarian follicles

A 
primordial follicle: primary oocyte in outer cortex, simple squamous epithelium
primary follicle (maturing): squamous becoming cuboidal
secondary follicle (maturing)
Graafian follicle (mature)
82
Q

Thin skin

A

majority of the skin

hair follicles and sebaceous glands

83
Q

Thick skin

A

only on soles of feet and palms of hands
no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
no apocrine sweat glands
has stratum lucidum

84
Q

apocrine vs eccrine glands

A

apocrine: nipples, external genitalia, axila: simple cuboidal, large lumen

eccrine: cover most of the body and control thermoregulation
2 layers of dark cuboidal cells

85
Q

mammary gland

A

lobes with ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium
lots of adipose, fibrocollagenous support tissue
highly modified apocrine sweat glands

86
Q

Nails

A

modified stratus corneum
cuticle is a superficial layer of epidermis
nail plate made of keratin
paronychium are folds on sides of nail
hyponychium is the nail bed under the nail plate
lunula is the white crescent of the nail bed

87
Q

pilosebaceous unit

A

produces hair and sebum (oil) for lubrication

made of: hair, hair follicle, hair shaft, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili (smooth muscle)

Histology Fall 2019 (31 decks)

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