Endocrine/Pancreas

Question 1

endocrine secretions

Answer 1

secretions from the side or base of a cell which enter the blood stream directly and are ductless
ex: ovary, testis, pancreas

Question 2

exocrine secretions

Answer 2

secretions from the apex of a cell onto a surface or into the lumen with ducts
ex: pancreas which also has endocrine functions

Question 3

4 types of remote communication in the endocrine system

Answer 3

autocrine: self acting
paracrine: adjacent cells
endocrine: hormones in blood to distant tissues
synaptic: synapses of the nervous system

Question 4

structure and function of the endocrine system

Answer 4

synthesis and secretion of chemical messengers (hormones)

ductless glands are composed of epithelial secretory cells, support tissue is rich in blood and lymphatic capillaries,

Question 5

4 classes of chemical messengers and their characteristics

Answer 5

amino acid derivatives
small peptide molecules
protein and glycoprotein molecules
Steroids derived from cholesterol

Question 6

neuroendocrine cells

Answer 6

have membrane bound vesicles containing chemical messengers
secrete via exocytosis
granules can be identified via IHC

Question 7

structure and function of the pituitary gland

Answer 7

small bean shaped gland at the base of the skull that secretes hormones into the bloodstream and arises from foregut endoderm, Rathke’s pouch
anterior (dark pink) and posterior (light pink) regions

Question 8

2 functional groups of pituitary hormones and examples

Answer 8

hormones that act directly on non-endocrine tissues: GH(growth hormone), PRL(prolactin), ADH(vassopressin), oxytocin, melanocyte stimulating hormone
hormones which modulate secretory activity of other endocrine glands: TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH(folliclestimulating hormone), LH(luteinizing hormone)

Question 9

3 regions of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

pars distalis: distal lobe

intermedia: intermediate lobe, cuboidal epithelium
tuberalis: tuberal lobe

Question 10

3 types of cells in the anterior pituitary

Answer 10

basophils: purple cytoplasm
acidophils: pink
chromophobes: nucleus with clear cytoplasm, 65% of the cells in the anterior pituitary

Question 11

5 types of endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary and what hormones they excrete

Answer 11

somatotrophs: GH
lactotrophs: PRL (prolactin)
Corticotrophs: ACTH, a-melanocyte stimulating hormone
Thyrotrophs: TSH
Gonadotrophs: FSH and LH

Question 12

structure of the posterior pituitary

Answer 12

made of neuronal processes and glia (pituicytes)
neural lobe (pars nervosa)
pituitary stalk (infundibular stem)
infundibulum

Question 13

structure and function of the hypothalamus

Answer 13

several clusters of neurons in the brain that secrete hormones that stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones

Question 14

2 major cell types of the pineal gland

Answer 14

pinealocytes: neuron like cells that produce melatonin

glial cells: elongated cells that run between nests of pinealocytes

Question 15

structure and function of the thyroid

Answer 15

secretes thyroxin and calcitonin (produced by C cells)
two lateral lobes joined by an isthmus
thin collagenous capsule divided into irregular lobes by septa
arises from tongue root endoderm

Question 16

structure and function of the parathyroid

Answer 16

located within the thyroid with a thin tissue capsule, secretes parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood

Question 17

3 main cell types of the parathyroid

Answer 17

adipocytes
chief cells: secrete PTH parathyroid hormone
oxyphilic cells

Question 18

3 zones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 18

zona glomerulosa: 15% secretes minearalocorticoids

fasciculata: 75% needs ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone), secretes glucocorticoids, spongy appearance
reticularis: 10% needs ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone), produces androgenic steroids, sometimes brown pigmented (lipofuscin)

Question 19

structure and function of adrenal medulla

Answer 19

center of the adrenal gland, secretes fight or flight hormones, derived from the neural crest

Question 20

4 main cell types of the pancreas

Answer 20

B cells: 70% and produce insulin and amylin
A cells: 20% and produce glucagon
D cells: 5-10% and secrete somatostain
F cells: 1-2% and secrete pancreatic polypeptides

Question 21

functions of the pancreas

Answer 21

part of the digestive system and produces insulin and other important enzymes and hormones that help break down foods
endocrine and exocrine

Question 22

amino acid derivatives

Answer 22

adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine

Question 23

small peptide molecules

Answer 23

vasopressin, thyroid releasing hormone

Question 24

protein and glycoprotein molecules

Answer 24

EGFR(epidermal growth factor), insulin, GH(growth hormone), TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone)

Question 25

Steroids derived from cholesterol

Answer 25

cortisol, PR(progesterone), estradiol