Blood Cells

Question 1

eosinophil

Answer 1

bi-lobed nucleus, granulocyte, attracted to histamine, increased in allergic states, 3-8 hours in the blood stream, 1-4% of WBCs

Question 2

basophil

Answer 2

u or s shaped nucleus, intensely basophilic cytoplasm, granulocyte, release histamine for allergic reactions, 10 to 15 days in the blood stream, <1% of WBCs

Question 3

lymphocyte

Answer 3

round indented nucleus, bright blue cytoplasm, agranulocyte, immune surveillance, days to years in the blood stream, 20-40% of WBCs

Question 4

neutrophil

Answer 4

3-5 lobed nucleus, pink cytoplasm, granulocyte, become phagocytic in tissues, increased during bacterial infections, 8-12 hours in the blood stream, 60-70% of WBCs

Question 5

monocyte

Answer 5

kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus, grey-blue cytoplasm, agranulocyte, precursors of macrophages, motile and phagocytic, 1-3 days in the blood stream, 3-10% of WBCs

Question 6

4 major elements of blood

Answer 6

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

Question 7

function of the spleen

Answer 7

filters the blood and recycles old blood cells

Question 8

sites of blood cell formation (hemopoeisis)

Answer 8

fetal yolk sac, 5 months fetal bone marrow produces WBCs and platelets, 7 months fetal bone marrow produces RBCs
adults: marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis, and proximal femurs

Question 9

characteristics of pluripotent stem cells

Answer 9

resemble lymphocytes but have distinctive surface antigens, divide to give rise to more restricted cell lines

Question 10

T cells (lymphocytes)

Answer 10

mature in the thymus, cell mediated immunity, regulate the immune response

Question 11

growth of blood stem cells

Answer 11

determined by growth factors which control proliferation, differentiation, and maturation

Question 12

characteristics, components, and function of bone marrow

Answer 12

main site of hemopoeisis, stores iron, has reticular stroma, location for maturation of B lymphocytes, contains fixed macrophagic cells

Question 13

aspirate smears and trephine needle biopsy

Answer 13

smear obtains bone marrow, biopsy obtains a core for histology, both procedures can be preformed with the same needle

Question 14

characteristics, function, and differentiation of erythropoiesis

Answer 14

formation of RBCs, cells are fomed in small islands consisting of 1 or 2 specialized macrophages surrounded by progenitor cells, differentiated cells migrate outwards. RBCs decrease in size, produce hemoglobin, and lose organelles while differentiating

Question 15

3 requirements of normal red blood cell production

Answer 15

iron to make hemoglobin, folic acid, and vitamin B12

Question 16

granulopoeisis

Answer 16

formation of granulated WBCs: myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, and finally band cell.

Question 17

neutrophil formation

Answer 17

influenced by cytokines, 7-8 days, 5 cell divisions between myeloblast and metamyelocyte stages, large pool of neutrophils is loosely adhered to the sinusoidal epithelium until needed

Question 18

eosinophil formation

Answer 18

derived from colony forming unit eosinophil cells under influence of cytokines, larger granules than neutrophils

Question 19

basophil formation

Answer 19

derived from colony forming unit B cells

Question 20

monocyte formation

Answer 20

at least 3 cells divisions before maturation, leave the bone marrow as soon as they mature

Question 21

lymphocyte formation

Answer 21

develop in the bone marrow, B cells go on to colonize peripheral lymphoid tissues, T cells migrate to the thymus gland for initial maturation before migrating to peripheral lymphoid tissues

Question 22

megakaryocyte formation

Answer 22

largest cells in the bone marrow, produce platelets by cytoplasmic fragmentation, nuclear and cytoplasmic contents are duplicated up to 7 times without cell division resulting in a lobed nucleus, maturation results in loss of ribosomes and RER