Nervous System L6

Question 1

Nuerons

Answer 1

Cells transmit impulses via action potential

Question 2

Glial Cells

Answer 2

Cells support function of neurons

Question 3

Neuron traits

Answer 3

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Amitotic

Question 4

Excitiability

Answer 4

Respond to stimuli

Question 5

Conductivity

Answer 5

Send electrical signal along neuron

Question 6

Secretion

Answer 6

Release neurotransmitter that influence other cells

Question 7

Amitotic

Answer 7

No mitosis, do not divide

Question 8

Neuron components

Answer 8

Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Myelination

Question 9

Dentritic

Answer 9

Receives signals and sends to cell body

Question 10

Cell body (Soma)

Answer 10

Initiate/receive signals from dendritic, contains nucleus, surrounded by plasma membrane

Question 11

Axon

Answer 11

One per neuron, Carry action potential away from cell, release neurotransmitters from axon terminal to nerve, muscle, or glands

Question 12

Myelination

Answer 12

Axon wrapped in lipoprotein sheath, giving white appearance (gray matter)

Question 13

Saltatory conduction

Answer 13

Increase speed of transmission

Question 14

Gaps between myelinated gaps called

Answer 14

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 15

Sensory neurons

Answer 15

Carry action potential signal toward brain and spinal cord (ex: touch from skin to brain)

Question 16

Motor neurons

Answer 16

Carry action potential away from brain to spinal cord ( voluntary movements)

Question 17

Interneurons

Answer 17

99% neurons, process information,
connect directly to sensory and motor neurons

Question 18

Nerve

Answer 18

Bundle of axon

Question 19

Epineurium

Answer 19

Covers entire nerve

Question 20

Perineurium

Answer 20

Group of axon fasicle

Question 21

Endoneurium

Answer 21

Surrounds individual axon

Question 22

6 types of support functions of neurons

Answer 22

Atrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Satellite cells
Schwan’s cells
Oligodendrocytes

Question 23

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 23

Form the myelin sheath in Central Nervous System (CNS)

Question 24

Schwann Cells

Answer 24

Form myelin sheath in Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 25

Satellite Cells

Answer 25

Regulate exchange of nutrients and waste

Question 26

Microglia

Answer 26

Phagocytic immune cell in brain, clear debris from damaged tissue of CSF

Question 27

Ependymal Cells

Answer 27

Choroid plexus helps produce Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Question 28

Action potentional

Answer 28

Electrical signal down the axon, leads to release of neurotransmitters to neuron or muscle it connects to

Question 29

Voltage inside cell

Answer 29

-70mV

Question 30

Passive Transport

Answer 30

ion channels allowing facilitated diffusion of Na+ and K+ during action potential, moving down concentration gradient

Question 31

Chemically gated channels

Answer 31

Open when chemical combined with the gate

Question 32

Voltage gated channels

Answer 32

Open when particular voltage is reached

Question 33

Resting membrane potential

Answer 33

Outside has Na+ and Cl-ions, inside is -70mV, more K+ and PO4-ions

Question 34

At rest, if channels opened how do the ions distribute

Answer 34

Sodium passively move into cell, potassium passively move out of cell

Question 35

Polarization

Answer 35

When change happens

Question 36

Depolarization

Answer 36

Chemically gated Na+ opens, allow Na+ to flow into cell, the positive ions makes cell less negative, decrease in change

Question 37

Hyperpolarization

Answer 37

K+ channels closes slowly, allowing K+ to leave cell, charge inside cell moves beyond -70mV

Question 38

Threshold Potential

Answer 38

-55mV is reached, all the sodium channels open

Question 39

Graded potential

Answer 39

Can depolarize/hyperpolarize cell, happens when chemical binds with a receptor ex: ACH + Na+= Na+ rush into cell to depolarize membrane but not strong enough for action potential

Question 40

Excititory postsynaptic potential

Answer 40

Bring neuron closer to threshold by making cell less negative

Question 41

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Answer 41

Pushes neuron away from threshold by letting in Cl-ions, making cell more negative

Question 42

Repolarization

Answer 42

Once inside of cell reach +30mV, Na+ channel closes, all K+ channels open down axon, returns cell to -70mV

Question 43

All action potential in axon have same

Answer 43

Strength

Question 44

Larger diameter fiber have ____ impulse

Answer 44

Faster

Question 45

Effect of myelination

Answer 45

Myelinated fibers conduct faster due to saltatory conduction (skip gates)

Question 46

Refractory period

Answer 46

Period after beginning of action potential where it's impossible or difficult to fire another action potential

Question 47

Absolute refractory period

Answer 47

No stimulus can initiate another action potential

Question 48

Relative refractory period

Answer 48

The period of time when another action potential is possible with sufficient strength (must overcome hyperpolarization)

Question 49

Strength of stimuli is not based on strength but ___

Answer 49

Frequency

Question 50

Synapse

Answer 50

Where one neuron meets another structure and communicates with it

Question 51

Neurotransmitter

Answer 51

Cross synapse and trigger a response insecond structure

Question 52

Sensory Nervous System(afferent)

Answer 52

Somatic Sensory-conscious to stimuli Visceral Sensory-unconscious to stimuli

Question 53

Motor Nervous System(Efferent)

Answer 53

Somatic Motor-control voluntary skeletal muscle Autonomic- control involuntary smooth/cardiac muscles and glands

Question 54

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 54

Fight or flight, Initiate response that helps us escape danger

Question 55

Parasympathetic

Answer 55

Rest and digest, helps conserve energy and restore nutrients

Question 56

Ganglion

Answer 56

bunch of cell body where neurons synapse

Question 57

Preganglionic nerve

Answer 57

nerve bringing signal into ganglion

Question 58

Postganglionic nerve

Answer 58

nerve carrying signal away from ganglion

Question 59

short/long preganglionic nerves and short postganglionic nerve release?

Answer 59

Acetylcholine

Question 60

Long postganglionic nerve release

Answer 60

epinephrine/norepinephrine

Question 61

Atrocytes

Answer 61

form blood brain barrier, regulate what gets into brain, build new connections