Nature and Nurture Flashcards
nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other
share environmental influences
nongenetic influences in individuals’ lives that make them different from people they live with
nonshared environmental influences
__________ factors strong influence many qualities previously assumed to be shaped by environment.
genetic
Adolescents with the same genetic ___________ develop differently in different __________.
predispositions, environments
Unless they are identical twins, two siblings may have inherited __________ genes from their parents, at least with respect to some traits.
different
Siblings may have different _____________ experiences.
family
Siblings may be treated differently by parents, __________ similar experiences in different ways, and grow up in the same household at different ________ in the family’s life.
perceive, times
The __________ model states that problems are the result of an interaction between preexisting conditions and exposure to stress in the environment.
diathesis-stress
The _____________ theory states that the same genetic tendencies that make an individual especially susceptible to develop problems when exposed to adverse environmental influences also make them especially likely to thrive when exposed to positive environmental influences.
differential susceptibility
_________ leads to increase in adolescent behavior problems.
discipline
Adolescents who differ in ___________ are affected in different ways by the same parenting.
temperament
In many industrialized nations, including the U.S., the family has undergone profound changes over the last _________ century, such as divorce, remarriage, single parenthood, poverty, homelessness, foster care, adoption, LGBTQ+ parents.
half
The U.S. divorce rate began increasing during the ________, peaked during the ________, and has apparently been ____________ since.
1960s, 1980s, decreasing
approximately ______ of people who married in the 2000s will be divorced within 20 years.
1/3
Adolescents are _______ likely than children to actually experience their parents’ divorce at the time it is occurring.
less
______ strain can cause disruptions in parenting, such as increases in adolescent adjustment difficulties and increased depression and anxiety in parents and adolescents.
financial
Poverty often makes parents _______, more ________, less involved, less consistent, and more embroiled in conflict.
harsher, depressed
Adolescents benefit from ____________ but do not thrive under excessive control.
parental monitoring
Children are more adversely affected by marital conflict when they are __________.
aware of it
Children are more negatively affected when the marital conflict leads to feelings of __________ or __________.
insecurity, self-blame
Marital conflict more adversely effects the adolescent when the conflict disrupts the quality of _____________.
parent-child relationship
After a divorce, children may fare better in the custody of the __________ parent in the short term, but these effects decrease over time.
same-sex
Time spent with fathers often __________ rapidly after divorce, but children who have regular contact with their fathers have fewer problems.
decreases
Financial support from fathers is associated with less ________ and higher __________.
problem behavior, academic achievement
Some teenagers are more vulnerable to the _______ effects of divorce.
short-term
In general, immediate problems are relatively more common among ________ and younger children, children with _________ temperament, children who do not have _________, and children whose parents divorce during the transition into adolescence.
boys, difficutl, social support
Preadolescents and adolescents whose parents divorce often have __________, even into their 30s.
adjustment difficulties
problems that do not arise until a later development stage
sleeper effects
