Nature and Nurture

Question 1

nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other

Answer 1

share environmental influences

Question 2

nongenetic influences in individuals’ lives that make them different from people they live with

Answer 2

nonshared environmental influences

Question 3

__________ factors strong influence many qualities previously assumed to be shaped by environment.

Answer 3

genetic

Question 4

Adolescents with the same genetic ___________ develop differently in different __________.

Answer 4

predispositions, environments

Question 5

Unless they are identical twins, two siblings may have inherited __________ genes from their parents, at least with respect to some traits.

Answer 5

different

Question 6

Siblings may have different _____________ experiences.

Answer 6

family

Question 7

Siblings may be treated differently by parents, __________ similar experiences in different ways, and grow up in the same household at different ________ in the family’s life.

Answer 7

perceive, times

Question 8

The __________ model states that problems are the result of an interaction between preexisting conditions and exposure to stress in the environment.

Answer 8

diathesis-stress

Question 9

The _____________ theory states that the same genetic tendencies that make an individual especially susceptible to develop problems when exposed to adverse environmental influences also make them especially likely to thrive when exposed to positive environmental influences.

Answer 9

differential susceptibility

Question 10

_________ leads to increase in adolescent behavior problems.

Answer 10

discipline

Question 11

Adolescents who differ in ___________ are affected in different ways by the same parenting.

Answer 11

temperament

Question 12

In many industrialized nations, including the U.S., the family has undergone profound changes over the last _________ century, such as divorce, remarriage, single parenthood, poverty, homelessness, foster care, adoption, LGBTQ+ parents.

Answer 12

half

Question 13

The U.S. divorce rate began increasing during the ________, peaked during the ________, and has apparently been ____________ since.

Answer 13

1960s, 1980s, decreasing

Question 14

approximately ______ of people who married in the 2000s will be divorced within 20 years.

Answer 14

1/3

Question 15

Adolescents are _______ likely than children to actually experience their parents’ divorce at the time it is occurring.

Answer 15

less

Question 16

______ strain can cause disruptions in parenting, such as increases in adolescent adjustment difficulties and increased depression and anxiety in parents and adolescents.

Answer 16

financial

Question 17

Poverty often makes parents _______, more ________, less involved, less consistent, and more embroiled in conflict.

Answer 17

harsher, depressed

Question 18

Adolescents benefit from ____________ but do not thrive under excessive control.

Answer 18

parental monitoring

Question 19

Children are more adversely affected by marital conflict when they are __________.

Answer 19

aware of it

Question 20

Children are more negatively affected when the marital conflict leads to feelings of __________ or __________.

Answer 20

insecurity, self-blame

Question 21

Marital conflict more adversely effects the adolescent when the conflict disrupts the quality of _____________.

Answer 21

parent-child relationship

Question 22

After a divorce, children may fare better in the custody of the __________ parent in the short term, but these effects decrease over time.

Answer 22

same-sex

Question 23

Time spent with fathers often __________ rapidly after divorce, but children who have regular contact with their fathers have fewer problems.

Answer 23

decreases

Question 24

Financial support from fathers is associated with less ________ and higher __________.

Answer 24

problem behavior, academic achievement

Question 25

Some teenagers are more vulnerable to the _______ effects of divorce.

Answer 25

short-term

Question 26

In general, immediate problems are relatively more common among ________ and younger children, children with _________ temperament, children who do not have _________, and children whose parents divorce during the transition into adolescence.

Answer 26

boys, difficutl, social support

Question 27

Preadolescents and adolescents whose parents divorce often have __________, even into their 30s.

Answer 27

adjustment difficulties

Question 28

problems that do not arise until a later development stage

Answer 28

sleeper effects