Chapter 5: Peer Groups

Question 1

In contemporary society, ____________ - groups of people who are roughly the same age - are one of the most important contexts in which adolescents spend time.

Answer 1

peer groups

Question 2

The significance of ______________ gives adolescents in contemporary society some of its most distinctive features.

Answer 2

peer groups

Question 3

Educators first developed the idea of free public education, with students grouped by age - a practice known as __________ - in the middle of the nineteenth century.

Answer 3

age grading

Question 4

Age-grading encouraged the development and maintenance of ___________ peer groups.

Answer 4

age-segregated

Question 5

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating the postwar ___________.

Answer 5

baby boom

Question 6

The product of the baby boom became adolescents during the 1960s and early 1970s, creating a _____________ for about 15 years. The size of the population ages 15-19 nearly _____________ between 1955 and 1975.

Answer 6

adolescent boom, doubled

Question 7

In some cultures, cultural change is so slow that what a child needs to know to function as an adult changes very little over time. Mead called these ______________; they socialize children almost exclusively through contact with the culture’s elders because the way in which older generations have lived is almost identical to the way in which subsequent generations will live.

Answer 7

postfigurative cultures

Question 8

____________ are cultures are cultures in which young people are socialized by both adults and by each other.

Answer 8

configurative

Question 9

___________ cultures are cultures in which society is changing so quickly that adults are frequently socialized by young people, rather than the reverse

Answer 9

prefigurative

Question 10

There is a sharp increase during adolescence in the sheer amount of time individuals spend with their _________ and in the relative time they spend in the company of peers versus adults.

Answer 10

peers

Question 11

_________ are large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity

Answer 11

crowds

Question 12

________ are small groups of between 2 and 12 individuals - the average is about 5 or 6 - generally of the same sex and same age.

Answer 12

cliques

Question 13

Cliques are defined by common _____________ or simply by ____________.

Answer 13

activities, friendships

Question 14

The ________ provides the main social context in which adolescents interact with one another.

Answer 14

clique

Question 15

__________ are “reputation-based clusters of youths, whose function in part is to help solidify young people’s social and personal identity.

Answer 15

crowds

Question 16

During middle adolescence, mixed-sex and mixed-aged ___________ become more prevalent, and in time, the peer group becomes composed entirely of __________ cliques.

Answer 16

cliques, mixed-sex

Question 17

The transition from same-sex groups to mixed-sex groups is associated with an increase in alcohol use in ___________ and both alcohol and drug use among ________________.

Answer 17

males, females

Question 18

Jocks and populars are very involved in the peer culture, but they are also very involved in the institutions valued by _________.

Answer 18

adults

Question 19

Brains and nerds are also involved in adult-controlled organizations, but they tend to be less involved in the __________ culture.

Answer 19

peer

Question 20

Partyers are on the opposite side of the map from nerds; they are very involved in the __________ culture but are less so in ____________ institutions.

Answer 20

peer, adult

Question 21

Burnouts and adolescents who are members of delinquent gangs are not involved in either ___________ culture or _________ institutions.

Answer 21

peer, adult

Question 22

Adolescents’ crowds serve as ___________ - a group against which an individual compares him or herself.

Answer 22

reference groups

Question 23

The most important influence on the composition of cliques is __________.

Answer 23

similarity

Question 24

Age segregation in adolescents’’ cliques appears to result mostly from the ____________.

Answer 24

structure of schools

Question 25

Adolescents’ online friends are _______ similar in age than the friends they make in school

Answer 25

less

Question 26

During ________ and ________ adolescence, cliques tend to be composed of adolescents of the same sex.

Answer 26

early, middle

Question 27

Sex segregation is strong among ________ students, and it weakens in later adolescene.

Answer 27

white

Question 28

The proportion of other-sex friends in adolescents’’ social networks more than __________ between 6th and 10th grades.

Answer 28

doubles

Question 29

In __________ girls their networks increasingly include somewhat older boys that they know outside of school.

Answer 29

early-maturing

Question 30

By the 10th grade, most adolescents’ networks are still dominated by __________ friends, who make up about 3-quarters of the average social network.

Answer 30

same-sex

Question 31

___________ is not a strong determinant of clique composition during childhood, but it becomes increasingly powerful as youngsters get older.

Answer 31

ethnicity

Question 32

By middle and late adolescence, adolescents’’ peer groups typically are ___________ segregated, with very few mixed cliques in most of high schools.

Answer 32

ethnically

Question 33

Of all the characteristics of friends that influence adolescents’ behavior, their friends’ ___________ has the greatest impact.

Answer 33

school performance

Question 34

________ are antisocial peer groups that can be identified by name and common symbols.

Answer 34

gangs

Question 35

_____________ effects are the undesirable consequences of well-intentioned treatments.

Answer 35

iatrogenic

Question 36

___________ refers to how well-liked someone is.

Answer 36

sociometric popularity

Question 37

____________ refers to how much status, or prestige, someone has.

Answer 37

perceived

Question 38

______________ is aggresive behavior that is deliberate and planned.

Answer 38

proactive aggression

Question 39

____________ is aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive

Answer 39

reactive aggression

Question 40

____________ aggression includes acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip.

Answer 40

relational

Question 41

___________ is the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.

Answer 41

hostile attributional bias

Question 42

__________ bullying is more common than cyberbuylling.

Answer 42

physical

Question 43

In what type of society is cultural change slowest?

Answer 43

postfigurative

Question 44

Adolescents’ cliques show _________ stability over the course of the school year.

Answer 44

moderate

Question 45

Teenagers who are high in _________ popularity tend to reject less-popular teenagers.

Answer 45

perceived

Question 46

Among aggressive and antisocial adolescents, popularity tends to __________ as adolescents get older.

Answer 46

wane

Question 47

What are the two groups of adolescents identified as disliked or rejected?

Answer 47

withdrawn, aggressive

Question 48

What proportion of adolescents report having been physically bullied at some time during the past year?

Answer 48

one-third

Question 49

Witnessing harassment can serve as a buffer against some of the harmful effects of being _____________.

Answer 49

victimized