Chapter 5: Peer Groups Flashcards
In contemporary society, ____________ - groups of people who are roughly the same age - are one of the most important contexts in which adolescents spend time.
peer groups
The significance of ______________ gives adolescents in contemporary society some of its most distinctive features.
peer groups
Educators first developed the idea of free public education, with students grouped by age - a practice known as __________ - in the middle of the nineteenth century.
age grading
Age-grading encouraged the development and maintenance of ___________ peer groups.
age-segregated
Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating the postwar ___________.
baby boom
The product of the baby boom became adolescents during the 1960s and early 1970s, creating a _____________ for about 15 years. The size of the population ages 15-19 nearly _____________ between 1955 and 1975.
adolescent boom, doubled
In some cultures, cultural change is so slow that what a child needs to know to function as an adult changes very little over time. Mead called these ______________; they socialize children almost exclusively through contact with the culture’s elders because the way in which older generations have lived is almost identical to the way in which subsequent generations will live.
postfigurative cultures
____________ are cultures are cultures in which young people are socialized by both adults and by each other.
configurative
___________ cultures are cultures in which society is changing so quickly that adults are frequently socialized by young people, rather than the reverse
prefigurative
There is a sharp increase during adolescence in the sheer amount of time individuals spend with their _________ and in the relative time they spend in the company of peers versus adults.
peers
_________ are large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity
crowds
________ are small groups of between 2 and 12 individuals - the average is about 5 or 6 - generally of the same sex and same age.
cliques
Cliques are defined by common _____________ or simply by ____________.
activities, friendships
The ________ provides the main social context in which adolescents interact with one another.
clique
__________ are “reputation-based clusters of youths, whose function in part is to help solidify young people’s social and personal identity.
crowds
During middle adolescence, mixed-sex and mixed-aged ___________ become more prevalent, and in time, the peer group becomes composed entirely of __________ cliques.
cliques, mixed-sex
The transition from same-sex groups to mixed-sex groups is associated with an increase in alcohol use in ___________ and both alcohol and drug use among ________________.
males, females
Jocks and populars are very involved in the peer culture, but they are also very involved in the institutions valued by _________.
adults
Brains and nerds are also involved in adult-controlled organizations, but they tend to be less involved in the __________ culture.
peer
Partyers are on the opposite side of the map from nerds; they are very involved in the __________ culture but are less so in ____________ institutions.
peer, adult
Burnouts and adolescents who are members of delinquent gangs are not involved in either ___________ culture or _________ institutions.
peer, adult
Adolescents’ crowds serve as ___________ - a group against which an individual compares him or herself.
reference groups
The most important influence on the composition of cliques is __________.
similarity
Age segregation in adolescents’’ cliques appears to result mostly from the ____________.
structure of schools
Adolescents’ online friends are _______ similar in age than the friends they make in school
less
During ________ and ________ adolescence, cliques tend to be composed of adolescents of the same sex.
early, middle
Sex segregation is strong among ________ students, and it weakens in later adolescene.
white
The proportion of other-sex friends in adolescents’’ social networks more than __________ between 6th and 10th grades.
doubles
In __________ girls their networks increasingly include somewhat older boys that they know outside of school.
early-maturing
By the 10th grade, most adolescents’ networks are still dominated by __________ friends, who make up about 3-quarters of the average social network.
same-sex
___________ is not a strong determinant of clique composition during childhood, but it becomes increasingly powerful as youngsters get older.
ethnicity
By middle and late adolescence, adolescents’’ peer groups typically are ___________ segregated, with very few mixed cliques in most of high schools.
ethnically
Of all the characteristics of friends that influence adolescents’ behavior, their friends’ ___________ has the greatest impact.
school performance
________ are antisocial peer groups that can be identified by name and common symbols.
gangs
_____________ effects are the undesirable consequences of well-intentioned treatments.
iatrogenic
___________ refers to how well-liked someone is.
sociometric popularity
____________ refers to how much status, or prestige, someone has.
perceived
______________ is aggresive behavior that is deliberate and planned.
proactive aggression
____________ is aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive
reactive aggression
____________ aggression includes acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip.
relational
___________ is the tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile.
hostile attributional bias
__________ bullying is more common than cyberbuylling.
physical
In what type of society is cultural change slowest?
postfigurative
Adolescents’ cliques show _________ stability over the course of the school year.
moderate
Teenagers who are high in _________ popularity tend to reject less-popular teenagers.
perceived
Among aggressive and antisocial adolescents, popularity tends to __________ as adolescents get older.
wane
What are the two groups of adolescents identified as disliked or rejected?
withdrawn, aggressive
What proportion of adolescents report having been physically bullied at some time during the past year?
one-third
Witnessing harassment can serve as a buffer against some of the harmful effects of being _____________.
victimized
