Chapter 4: Families

Question 1

Parents’ beliefs that they are going to have a difficult time with their child once s/he enters adolescence can become what psychologists call a __________.

Answer 1

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 2

A __________ is an expectation that is realized because we act in ways that make it happen.

Answer 2

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 3

According to ___________ theory, relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family’s circumstances are changing because it is during these times that the family’s equilibrium often is upset.

Answer 3

family systems

Question 4

A ___________ is a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents’ parents.

Answer 4

midlife crisis

Question 5

An orientation toward life in which the needs of one’s family take precedence over the needs of the individuals; immigrant families often place an especially high value

Answer 5

familism

Question 6

Adolescents who value familism and assist their families are_________ likely to develop prosocial values, ______ likely to get depressed, and ____ likely to get involved with antisocial peer groups.

Answer 6

more, less, less

Question 7

During early adolescence, young people begin to try to play a more _________ role in the family, but parents may not yet acknowledge adolescents’ input.

Answer 7

forceful

Question 8

Brain imaging studies have found that an ___________ in adolescents’ negative feelings about their mothers coincides with an ____________ in the extent to which teenagers are more focused on themselves.

Answer 8

increase, increase

Question 9

Between ages 16 and 20, as adolescents begin to feel more __________, their relationships with their parents improve.

Answer 9

independent

Question 10

Compared to adolescent boys, adolescent girls are ___________ affected by the quality of their relationship with their parents.

Answer 10

more

Question 11

Adolescents tend to be closer to their __________.

Answer 11

mothers

Question 12

Harsh discipline leads to increases in adolescent ____________ problems.

Answer 12

behavior

Question 13

According to ___________ (1978) parental responsiveness and parental demandingness are critical.

Answer 13

Baumrind

Question 14

The degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner.

Answer 14

parental responsiveness

Question 15

the extent to which the parent expects and demands mature, responsible behavior

Answer 15

parental demandingness

Question 16

Parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction.

Answer 16

authoritative parents

Question 17

parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity.

Answer 17

authoritarian parents

Question 18

parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness and who are mainly concerned with the child’s happiness

Answer 18

indulgent parents

Question 19

Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness

Answer 19

indifferent parents

Question 20

Young people who have been raised in __________ households are more psychologically mature.

Answer 20

authoritative

Question 21

Adolescents raised in ___________ homes are more dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less curious.

Answer 21

authoritarian

Question 22

___________ and ____________ in the parent-adolescent relationship are associated with less sibling conflict and more positive sibling relationship.

Answer 22

harmony, cohesiveness

Question 23

Adolescents who experience maternal ___________ and __________ are more aggersive with siblings.

Answer 23

rejection, negativity

Question 24

Advances in molecular genetics have enabled scientists to identify specific genes that are associated with particular _________.

Answer 24

traits

Question 25

different versions of the same gene

Answer 25

alleles

Question 26

Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other

Answer 26

shared environmental influences

Question 27

The nongenetic influences in individuals' lives that make them different from people they live with

Answer 27

nonshared environmental influences

Question 28

Genetic and ____________ environmental influences are strong in adolescence.

Answer 28

nonshared

Question 29

competition between siblings, often for parental attention

Answer 29

sibling rivalry

Question 30

Mrs. Garner is the mother of 17-year-old Jeremy. In the past year, both of Mrs. Garner's parents have had serious health issues. Mrs. Garner spends many hours each week checking on her parents, running errands for them, making meals, and cleaning up around their house. Mrs. Garner is part of the "___________" generation.

Answer 30

sandwich

Question 31

Hailey is a young adolescent. According to research on brain maturation, Hailey may be especially sensitive to ______.

Answer 31

others' emotional signals

Question 32

Compared to early and middle childhood, family expenses often___________ during adolescence.

Answer 32

increase

Question 33

By ___________ adolescence, teenagers act and are treated much more like adults.

Answer 33

middle

Question 34

_________ parents are more likely to view themselves as resources for their child.

Answer 34

indulgent

Question 35

Authoritarian parents place importance on ____________

Answer 35

compliance

Question 36

In extreme cases, indifferent parenting is a form of ______.

Answer 36

neglect

Question 37

Adolescents who experience maternal _____________ are more aggressive with siblings.

Answer 37

rejection

Question 38

The magnitude of the differences between adopted and nonadopted adolescents is __________

Answer 38

small