Chapter 4: Families Flashcards
Parents’ beliefs that they are going to have a difficult time with their child once s/he enters adolescence can become what psychologists call a __________.
self-fulfilling prophecy
A __________ is an expectation that is realized because we act in ways that make it happen.
self-fulfilling prophecy
According to ___________ theory, relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family’s circumstances are changing because it is during these times that the family’s equilibrium often is upset.
family systems
A ___________ is a psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents’ parents.
midlife crisis
An orientation toward life in which the needs of one’s family take precedence over the needs of the individuals; immigrant families often place an especially high value
familism
Adolescents who value familism and assist their families are_________ likely to develop prosocial values, ______ likely to get depressed, and ____ likely to get involved with antisocial peer groups.
more, less, less
During early adolescence, young people begin to try to play a more _________ role in the family, but parents may not yet acknowledge adolescents’ input.
forceful
Brain imaging studies have found that an ___________ in adolescents’ negative feelings about their mothers coincides with an ____________ in the extent to which teenagers are more focused on themselves.
increase, increase
Between ages 16 and 20, as adolescents begin to feel more __________, their relationships with their parents improve.
independent
Compared to adolescent boys, adolescent girls are ___________ affected by the quality of their relationship with their parents.
more
Adolescents tend to be closer to their __________.
mothers
Harsh discipline leads to increases in adolescent ____________ problems.
behavior
According to ___________ (1978) parental responsiveness and parental demandingness are critical.
Baumrind
The degree to which the parent responds to the child’s needs in an accepting, supportive manner.
parental responsiveness
the extent to which the parent expects and demands mature, responsible behavior
parental demandingness
Parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction.
authoritative parents
parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity.
authoritarian parents
parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness and who are mainly concerned with the child’s happiness
indulgent parents
Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness
indifferent parents
Young people who have been raised in __________ households are more psychologically mature.
authoritative
Adolescents raised in ___________ homes are more dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less curious.
authoritarian
___________ and ____________ in the parent-adolescent relationship are associated with less sibling conflict and more positive sibling relationship.
harmony, cohesiveness
Adolescents who experience maternal ___________ and __________ are more aggersive with siblings.
rejection, negativity
Advances in molecular genetics have enabled scientists to identify specific genes that are associated with particular _________.
traits
different versions of the same gene
alleles
Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other
shared environmental influences
The nongenetic influences in individuals’ lives that make them different from people they live with
nonshared environmental influences
Genetic and ____________ environmental influences are strong in adolescence.
nonshared
competition between siblings, often for parental attention
sibling rivalry
Mrs. Garner is the mother of 17-year-old Jeremy. In the past year, both of Mrs. Garner’s parents have had serious health issues. Mrs. Garner spends many hours each week checking on her parents, running errands for them, making meals, and cleaning up around their house. Mrs. Garner is part of the “___________” generation.
sandwich
Hailey is a young adolescent. According to research on brain maturation, Hailey may be especially sensitive to ______.
others’ emotional signals
Compared to early and middle childhood, family expenses often___________ during adolescence.
increase
By ___________ adolescence, teenagers act and are treated much more like adults.
middle
_________ parents are more likely to view themselves as resources for their child.
indulgent
Authoritarian parents place importance on ____________
compliance
In extreme cases, indifferent parenting is a form of ______.
neglect
Adolescents who experience maternal _____________ are more aggressive with siblings.
rejection
The magnitude of the differences between adopted and nonadopted adolescents is __________
small
