Chapter 8 - Identity

Question 1

It is not until adolescence that people are able to think in systematic ways about hypothetical and future events. As a result, adolescents become much more able to imagine their ___________ - the various alternative identities that they may adopt.

Answer 1

possible selves

Question 2

Adolescents discovering their possible selves can stimulate heightened _________ and __________ with different identities.

Answer 2

self-consciousness, experimentation

Question 3

The development of a more advanced ____________ - the ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of one’s decision and imagine what one’s life might be like in the future - is also important.

Answer 3

future orientation

Question 4

Because the preadolescent child’s thinking is _________, it is difficult to think seriously about being a different person. But the changes in thinking that take place during ________ open up a whole new world of alternatives.

Answer 4

concrete, adolescence

Question 5

In __________ society, adolescence is a time of important decisions about school, work, relationships, and the future.

Answer 5

contemporary

Question 6

Facing new decisions in adolescence about their place in society ___________ them.

Answer 6

necessitates

Question 7

The collection of traits and attributes that individuals use to describe or characterize themselves.

Answer 7

self conceptions

Question 8

The degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about themselves.

Answer 8

self-esteem

Question 9

The extent to which individuals feel secure about who they are and who they are becoming.

Answer 9

sense of identity

Question 10

The realization that one’s personality is expressed in different ways in different situations is an example of the increased differentiations that characterizes ___________ as adolescents mature toward adulthood.

Answer 10

self-conceptions

Question 11

Adolescents’ ___________ take into account who is doing the describing. Neuroimaging studies show that adolescents’ __________ are particularly sensitive to the opinions of others.

Answer 11

self-descriptions, self-conceptions

Question 12

The shift toward increased differentiations in self-conceptions causes better ____________ and ___________.

Answer 12

organization, integration

Question 13

The increased psychological complexity of self-conceptions may present some difficulties when teenagers become able to recognize, but not yet quite understand or reconcile, ___________ and ___________ in their personality.

Answer 13

inconsistencies, contradictions

Question 14

The proportion of adolescents who give opposite traits in self descriptions, who feel conflicts over such discrepancies, and who feel confused over such discrepancies __________ markedly between seventh and ninth grades, and then __________ somewhat.

Answer 14

increases, decreases

Question 15

The development of a more complicated view of oneself is one way that individuals cope with the recognition of their faults and weaknesses, a recognition that comes with increased _____________.

Answer 15

self-awareness

Question 16

Adolescents who have more complex and clearer ____________ are less likely to become depressed or anxious and report better relationships with their parents.

Answer 16

self-conceptions

Question 17

Behavior that intentionally presents a false impression to others.

Answer 17

false-self behavior

Question 18

False-self behavior in adolescents appears more often with their ___________ than with _________.

Answer 18

parents, close friends

Question 19

The theory that there are five basic dimensions to personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.

Answer 19

five factor model

Question 20

how outgoing or energetic someone is

Answer 20

extraversion

Question 21

how kind or sympathetic someone is

Answer 21

agreeableness

Question 22

how responsible and organized someone is

Answer 22

conscientiousness

Question 23

how anxious or tense someone is

Answer 23

neuroticism

Question 24

how curious or imaginative someone is

Answer 24

oppeness to experience

Question 25

A delinquent adolescent is more likely than their peers to score ______ in extraversion and _______ in agreeableness and conscientiousness.

Answer 25

high, low

Question 26

The ____________ - stating that we need to take into account racial centrality, private regard, and public regard - has been used to help make sense out of complex web findings

Answer 26

multidimensional model of racial identity

Question 27

The physical changes of _________ play a role in identity development.

Answer 27

puberty

Question 28

Identity development is best understood as a ____________.

Answer 28

series of developments

Question 29

The biological, cognitive, and social changes brought about by _________ play a large role in identity development during adolescence.

Answer 29

puberty

Question 30

What are adolescents more likely than children to do when describing themselves?

Answer 30

describe what they are like in specific situations

Question 31

Nighla often thinks to herself, “Who will I become when I’m an adult?” Nighla’s thinking is an example of __________.

Answer 31

future orientation

Question 32

Marco feels positive about himself. He is a good student, gets along well with his family, and has lots of friends. Marco’s positive feelings are an example of ____________.

Answer 32

self-esteem

Question 33

The ____________ “I’m fun to be around as long as I’m in a good mood.” are typical of an adolescent.

Answer 33

self-description

Question 34

Gavin comes from a modest, working-class family. His father is a mechanic and his mother works as a bank teller. Gavin’s family doesn’t have much money but his parents are hard-working. Gavin recently met a girl from another town. He bragged that his dad is a corporate attorney and that his mother owns her own craft shop. Gavin’s story is an example of ______.

Answer 34

false-self behavior

Question 35

Adolescents who report less ___________ support from parents and peers are more likely to present false fronts.

Answer 35

emotional

Question 36

The development of a more complicated view of the self is one way that individuals cope with the recognition of their _________ and _________.

Answer 36

strengths, weaknesses

Question 37

Both __________ and __________ become increasingly stable as we grow older.

Answer 37

temperament, personality

Question 38

Depression and hopelessness are highest among adolescents who engage in __________ behavior.

Answer 38

false self

Question 39

Between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become __________ extraverted.

Answer 39

less

Question 40

The process of ethnic identity development is ____________ the process of identity development mor generally, with an unquestioning view of oneself often being placed or upset by a crisis.

Answer 40

similar to

Question 41

Frequent contact with _________ from the same ethnic group leads adolescents to develop stronger positive feelings about their ethnicity.

Answer 41

peers

Question 42

_________ mature earlier than ________ emotionally.

Answer 42

girls, boys

Question 43

What type of experience often serves as the precipitating event for the development of ethnic identity?

Answer 43

prejudice

Question 44

Research suggests that ethnic socialization may ______.

Answer 44

enhance interracial relations

Question 44

In general, positive mental health among ethnic minority adolescents is associated with ________, having as strong, positive ethnic identity, and a healthy awareness of the potential for discrimination, while maintaing involvement in the mainstream culture.

Answer 44

biculturalism

Question 45

Among ethnic minority youth, ______ is highest when adolescents feel connected to their ethnic group, are aware of racism, and believe that it is important to the people in their life to be academically successful within mainstream society.

Answer 45

academic achievement

Question 46

People who do not identify as either male or female often choose to identify as ___________

Answer 46

nonbinary

Question 47

The challenges of dealing with issues related to identity, intimacy, and sexuality are greater for sexual-minority adolescents because they lack the same degree of __________ as their heterosexual peers.

Answer 47

social support

Question 48

During adolescence, racial centrality __________ and private regard _______________.

Answer 48

increases, remains stable

Question 49

People who do not identify as either male or female often choose to identify as __________

Answer 49

nonbinary