Chapter 8 - Identity Flashcards
Unit 3
It is not until adolescence that people are able to think in systematic ways about hypothetical and future events. As a result, adolescents become much more able to imagine their ___________ - the various alternative identities that they may adopt.
possible selves
Adolescents discovering their possible selves can stimulate heightened _________ and __________ with different identities.
self-consciousness, experimentation
The development of a more advanced ____________ - the ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of one’s decision and imagine what one’s life might be like in the future - is also important.
future orientation
Because the preadolescent child’s thinking is _________, it is difficult to think seriously about being a different person. But the changes in thinking that take place during ________ open up a whole new world of alternatives.
concrete, adolescence
In __________ society, adolescence is a time of important decisions about school, work, relationships, and the future.
contemporary
Facing new decisions in adolescence about their place in society ___________ them.
necessitates
The collection of traits and attributes that individuals use to describe or characterize themselves.
self conceptions
The degree to which individuals feel positively or negatively about themselves.
self-esteem
The extent to which individuals feel secure about who they are and who they are becoming.
sense of identity
The realization that one’s personality is expressed in different ways in different situations is an example of the increased differentiations that characterizes ___________ as adolescents mature toward adulthood.
self-conceptions
Adolescents’ ___________ take into account who is doing the describing. Neuroimaging studies show that adolescents’ __________ are particularly sensitive to the opinions of others.
self-descriptions, self-conceptions
The shift toward increased differentiations in self-conceptions causes better ____________ and ___________.
organization, integration
The increased psychological complexity of self-conceptions may present some difficulties when teenagers become able to recognize, but not yet quite understand or reconcile, ___________ and ___________ in their personality.
inconsistencies, contradictions
The proportion of adolescents who give opposite traits in self descriptions, who feel conflicts over such discrepancies, and who feel confused over such discrepancies __________ markedly between seventh and ninth grades, and then __________ somewhat.
increases, decreases
The development of a more complicated view of oneself is one way that individuals cope with the recognition of their faults and weaknesses, a recognition that comes with increased _____________.
self-awareness
Adolescents who have more complex and clearer ____________ are less likely to become depressed or anxious and report better relationships with their parents.
self-conceptions
Behavior that intentionally presents a false impression to others.
false-self behavior
False-self behavior in adolescents appears more often with their ___________ than with _________.
parents, close friends
The theory that there are five basic dimensions to personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience.
five factor model
how outgoing or energetic someone is
extraversion
how kind or sympathetic someone is
agreeableness
how responsible and organized someone is
conscientiousness
how anxious or tense someone is
neuroticism
how curious or imaginative someone is
oppeness to experience
A delinquent adolescent is more likely than their peers to score ______ in extraversion and _______ in agreeableness and conscientiousness.
high, low
The ____________ - stating that we need to take into account racial centrality, private regard, and public regard - has been used to help make sense out of complex web findings
multidimensional model of racial identity
The physical changes of _________ play a role in identity development.
puberty
Identity development is best understood as a ____________.
series of developments
The biological, cognitive, and social changes brought about by _________ play a large role in identity development during adolescence.
puberty
What are adolescents more likely than children to do when describing themselves?
describe what they are like in specific situations
Nighla often thinks to herself, “Who will I become when I’m an adult?” Nighla’s thinking is an example of __________.
future orientation
Marco feels positive about himself. He is a good student, gets along well with his family, and has lots of friends. Marco’s positive feelings are an example of ____________.
self-esteem
The ____________ “I’m fun to be around as long as I’m in a good mood.” are typical of an adolescent.
self-description
Gavin comes from a modest, working-class family. His father is a mechanic and his mother works as a bank teller. Gavin’s family doesn’t have much money but his parents are hard-working. Gavin recently met a girl from another town. He bragged that his dad is a corporate attorney and that his mother owns her own craft shop. Gavin’s story is an example of ______.
false-self behavior
Adolescents who report less ___________ support from parents and peers are more likely to present false fronts.
emotional
The development of a more complicated view of the self is one way that individuals cope with the recognition of their _________ and _________.
strengths, weaknesses
Both __________ and __________ become increasingly stable as we grow older.
temperament, personality
Depression and hopelessness are highest among adolescents who engage in __________ behavior.
false self
Between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become __________ extraverted.
less
The process of ethnic identity development is ____________ the process of identity development mor generally, with an unquestioning view of oneself often being placed or upset by a crisis.
similar to
Frequent contact with _________ from the same ethnic group leads adolescents to develop stronger positive feelings about their ethnicity.
peers
_________ mature earlier than ________ emotionally.
girls, boys
What type of experience often serves as the precipitating event for the development of ethnic identity?
prejudice
Research suggests that ethnic socialization may ______.
enhance interracial relations
In general, positive mental health among ethnic minority adolescents is associated with ________, having as strong, positive ethnic identity, and a healthy awareness of the potential for discrimination, while maintaing involvement in the mainstream culture.
biculturalism
Among ethnic minority youth, ______ is highest when adolescents feel connected to their ethnic group, are aware of racism, and believe that it is important to the people in their life to be academically successful within mainstream society.
academic achievement
People who do not identify as either male or female often choose to identify as ___________
nonbinary
The challenges of dealing with issues related to identity, intimacy, and sexuality are greater for sexual-minority adolescents because they lack the same degree of __________ as their heterosexual peers.
social support
During adolescence, racial centrality __________ and private regard _______________.
increases, remains stable
People who do not identify as either male or female often choose to identify as __________
nonbinary
