Chapter 6: Schools Flashcards
__________ education includes middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools.
secondary
The 1920s marked the birth in the US of what came to be known as the ____________, an educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.
comprehensive high school
In January 2002, President George W. Bush signed into law the ___________, a sweeping and controversial piece of legislation mandating that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency.
No Child Left Behind Act
__________ is the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance
social promotion
the past five decades have been dominated by what is called ____________, which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.
standard-based reform
____________ are public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices.
charter schools
The education crisis, and its implications for the future of the labor force, is especially urgent within _________ public schools.
inner-city
The achievement gap between White and nonwhite youngsters, which had been closing for some time, grew wider during the __________, especially in large urban school districts.
1990s
__________ are subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongningness.
schools within schools
Creating schools within schools leads to the development of a more ________ social environment.
positive
If not done carefully, schools may inadvertently create schools within one school that vary considerably in their _____________.
educational quality
During the early years of compulsory secondary education, the establishment of separate schools for young adolescents began, and the ________________ was born.
junior high school
Toward the end of the twentieth century, the _________ - a three-or four-year school housing the seventh and eighth grades with one or more younger grades - gained in popularity, replacing the junior high school in many districts.
middle school
The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called ability groupings, or ______________.
tracking
___________ are students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance.
gifted students
___________ is a disability with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction.
learning disability
impaired ability in reading or spelling
dyslexia
impaired ability in handwriting
dysgraphia
impaired ability in arithmetic
dyscalculla
___________ is the integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms.
mainstreaming
The _____________ effect is the reason that individuals who attend high school with high achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers.
big fish-little pond
Strong communities generate ___________- interpersonal resources that give “richer” students advantages.
social capitals
Teachers’ expectations are often accurate reflections of their students’ ability and teacher expectations actually create _____________ that ultimately influence how their students behave.
self-fulfilling prophecies
___________ is the idea that individuals’ behavior is influenced by others’ expectations for them
self-fulfilling prophecy
Levels of student ___________ and __________ are low in American schools.
engagement, excitement
About ____% of high school graduates enroll in either a two- or four-year college immediately after graduation. The increase in enrollments have been dramatic among _________.
70, women
The impact of school may be primarily through students’ acquisition of ____________.
new information
What are the give key aspects of school organization?
tracking, school and classroom size, different approaches to age grouping, the ethnic composition of schools, public versus private schools
___________ is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.
student engagement
A strong predictor of high achievement and reduced dropout rates is _________ involvement
parent
