Chapter 6: Schools

Question 1

__________ education includes middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools.

Answer 1

secondary

Question 2

The 1920s marked the birth in the US of what came to be known as the ____________, an educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.

Answer 2

comprehensive high school

Question 3

In January 2002, President George W. Bush signed into law the ___________, a sweeping and controversial piece of legislation mandating that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency.

Answer 3

No Child Left Behind Act

Question 4

__________ is the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance

Answer 4

social promotion

Question 5

the past five decades have been dominated by what is called ____________, which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.

Answer 5

standard-based reform

Question 6

____________ are public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices.

Answer 6

charter schools

Question 7

The education crisis, and its implications for the future of the labor force, is especially urgent within _________ public schools.

Answer 7

inner-city

Question 8

The achievement gap between White and nonwhite youngsters, which had been closing for some time, grew wider during the __________, especially in large urban school districts.

Answer 8

1990s

Question 9

__________ are subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongningness.

Answer 9

schools within schools

Question 10

Creating schools within schools leads to the development of a more ________ social environment.

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

If not done carefully, schools may inadvertently create schools within one school that vary considerably in their _____________.

Answer 11

educational quality

Question 12

During the early years of compulsory secondary education, the establishment of separate schools for young adolescents began, and the ________________ was born.

Answer 12

junior high school

Question 13

Toward the end of the twentieth century, the _________ - a three-or four-year school housing the seventh and eighth grades with one or more younger grades - gained in popularity, replacing the junior high school in many districts.

Answer 13

middle school

Question 14

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called ability groupings, or ______________.

Answer 14

tracking

Question 15

___________ are students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance.

Answer 15

gifted students

Question 16

___________ is a disability with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction.

Answer 16

learning disability

Question 17

impaired ability in reading or spelling

Answer 17

dyslexia

Question 18

impaired ability in handwriting

Answer 18

dysgraphia

Question 19

impaired ability in arithmetic

Answer 19

dyscalculla

Question 20

___________ is the integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms.

Answer 20

mainstreaming

Question 21

The _____________ effect is the reason that individuals who attend high school with high achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers.

Answer 21

big fish-little pond

Question 22

Strong communities generate ___________- interpersonal resources that give “richer” students advantages.

Answer 22

social capitals

Question 23

Teachers’ expectations are often accurate reflections of their students’ ability and teacher expectations actually create _____________ that ultimately influence how their students behave.

Answer 23

self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 24

___________ is the idea that individuals’ behavior is influenced by others’ expectations for them

Answer 24

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 25

Levels of student ___________ and __________ are low in American schools.

Answer 25

engagement, excitement

Question 26

About ____% of high school graduates enroll in either a two- or four-year college immediately after graduation. The increase in enrollments have been dramatic among _________.

Answer 26

70, women

Question 27

The impact of school may be primarily through students’ acquisition of ____________.

Answer 27

new information

Question 28

What are the give key aspects of school organization?

Answer 28

tracking, school and classroom size, different approaches to age grouping, the ethnic composition of schools, public versus private schools

Question 29

___________ is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.

Answer 29

student engagement

Question 30

A strong predictor of high achievement and reduced dropout rates is _________ involvement

Answer 30

parent