Cliques & Crowds Flashcards
A ________ is a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group.
peer
Examples of ______ include people the same age as you, classmates, teammates, and co-workers.
peers
There is a sharp _________ during adolescence in the amount of time individuals spend with peers.
increase
_________ peer relationships are limited mainly to small groups, while ___________ spend more time with larger collectives of peers (crowds).
children’s, adolescents
_________ stimulates adolescents’ interest in romantic relationships and distances them from their parents.
puberty
The ___________ changes of adolescence permit a more sophisticated understanding of social relationships.
cognitive
Changes in _______ definition may stimulate changes in peer relations as a sort of adaptive response.
social
A ____________ is a group against which an individual compares themselves.
reference group
___________ act as reference groups and provide their members with an identity in the eyes of others.
peers
Adolescents judge one another on the basis of the ___________ they keep, and they become branded on the basis of the _____________.
company, people they hang out with
____________ are “reputation-based clusters of youths, whose function in part is to help solidify young people’s social and personal identity”
crowds
Membership in a crowd is based mainly on _________ and ________, rather than on actual friendship or social interaction.
reputation, stereotype
Crowds vary on involvement with __________ and involvement in _________ institutions.
peers, adult
Changing ___________ in a crowd can be very difficult.
membership
Crowds likely contribute more to the adolescent’s sense of _________ and ____________ than to their actual social development.
identity, self-conception
Crowd membership is often the basis for an adolescent’s ___________.
own identity
The __________ of the crowd is likely to have an important influence on member’s behavior and self-image.
nature
Self-esteem is ___________ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively more status in their school.
higher
Adolescents often imitate the crowd __________ behavior and strive to follow the crowd’s established ___________.
leader, social norms
__________ for following a crowd’s norms leads to feeling better about themselves and further incorporating crowd __________ into their identity.
reinforcement, membership
By _______ grade, there is nearly universal agreement among students about their school’s crowd structure and strength of peer group influence.
9th
Both the school’s crowd structure and strength of peer group influence __________ between 9th and 12th grade because adolescents’ experience developing sense of identity and older adolescents may feel that being a part of a crowd is stifling.
decline
Adolescents become ________ consciously aware of the crowd structure of their school and their place in it.
more
During adolescence, crowd structure become more _______, more ________, and less __________, which allows adolescents more freedom to change crowds and enhance their status.
differentiated, permeable, hierarchical
A ___________ is a tightly knit group of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age.
clique
The _________ provides the main social context in which adolescents interact with one another.
clique
Three factors are important for determining clique membership: orientation toward _________, orientation toward the ___________ culture, and involvement in __________ activity.
school, teen, antisocial
___________ is the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.
age grading
Adolescent peer groups based on friendships formed in school were not prevalent until well into the _________ century.
20th
Approximately ____% of Americans are between the ages of 10 and 19 today, which impacts the allocation of government __________ and the size change impacts the __________ of cohort.
13, funds, behavior
___________ in junior and senior high schools makes it unlikely that an individual will have friends who are substantially older or younger.
age grouping
Age segregation in adolescents’ cliques appears to result mostly from the _________ of schools.
structure
Adolescents’ online friends are ________ similar in age than the friends they make in school.
less
Sex segregation begins in ___________ and continues through most of adolescence, __________ later.
childhood, weakening
Sex segregation is partly due to early shared ___________ and _________, but can also result from concerns about behaving in __________ ways.
activities, interests, sex-appropriate
Once ____________ becomes the norm, those lacking relationships with peers of the other sex are objects of strong suspicion and social rejection.
dating
In ________ adolescence, activities revolve around same-sex cliques.
early
In ________ adolescence, mixed-sex and mixed-age cliques become more prevalent.
middle
As romantic interest builds, but before romantic relationships begins, boys’ and girls’ _______ come together.
cliques
In ________ adolescence, peer crowds begin to disintegrate and couples begin to split off from larger group.
late
Mott-Stefanidi et al. predicted that higher perceived __________ would predict decreases in host, and increases in ethnic acculturation.
ethnic discrimination
