Cliques & Crowds

Question 1

A ________ is a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group.

Answer 1

peer

Question 2

Examples of ______ include people the same age as you, classmates, teammates, and co-workers.

Answer 2

peers

Question 3

There is a sharp _________ during adolescence in the amount of time individuals spend with peers.

Answer 3

increase

Question 4

_________ peer relationships are limited mainly to small groups, while ___________ spend more time with larger collectives of peers (crowds).

Answer 4

children’s, adolescents

Question 5

_________ stimulates adolescents’ interest in romantic relationships and distances them from their parents.

Answer 5

puberty

Question 6

The ___________ changes of adolescence permit a more sophisticated understanding of social relationships.

Answer 6

cognitive

Question 7

Changes in _______ definition may stimulate changes in peer relations as a sort of adaptive response.

Answer 7

social

Question 8

A ____________ is a group against which an individual compares themselves.

Answer 8

reference group

Question 9

___________ act as reference groups and provide their members with an identity in the eyes of others.

Answer 9

peers

Question 10

Adolescents judge one another on the basis of the ___________ they keep, and they become branded on the basis of the _____________.

Answer 10

company, people they hang out with

Question 11

____________ are “reputation-based clusters of youths, whose function in part is to help solidify young people’s social and personal identity”

Answer 11

crowds

Question 12

Membership in a crowd is based mainly on _________ and ________, rather than on actual friendship or social interaction.

Answer 12

reputation, stereotype

Question 13

Crowds vary on involvement with __________ and involvement in _________ institutions.

Answer 13

peers, adult

Question 14

Changing ___________ in a crowd can be very difficult.

Answer 14

membership

Question 15

Crowds likely contribute more to the adolescent’s sense of _________ and ____________ than to their actual social development.

Answer 15

identity, self-conception

Question 16

Crowd membership is often the basis for an adolescent’s ___________.

Answer 16

own identity

Question 17

The __________ of the crowd is likely to have an important influence on member’s behavior and self-image.

Answer 17

nature

Question 18

Self-esteem is ___________ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively more status in their school.

Answer 18

higher

Question 19

Adolescents often imitate the crowd __________ behavior and strive to follow the crowd’s established ___________.

Answer 19

leader, social norms

Question 20

__________ for following a crowd’s norms leads to feeling better about themselves and further incorporating crowd __________ into their identity.

Answer 20

reinforcement, membership

Question 21

By _______ grade, there is nearly universal agreement among students about their school’s crowd structure and strength of peer group influence.

Answer 21

9th

Question 22

Both the school’s crowd structure and strength of peer group influence __________ between 9th and 12th grade because adolescents’ experience developing sense of identity and older adolescents may feel that being a part of a crowd is stifling.

Answer 22

decline

Question 23

Adolescents become ________ consciously aware of the crowd structure of their school and their place in it.

Answer 23

more

Question 24

During adolescence, crowd structure become more _______, more ________, and less __________, which allows adolescents more freedom to change crowds and enhance their status.

Answer 24

differentiated, permeable, hierarchical

Question 25

A ___________ is a tightly knit group of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age.

Answer 25

clique

Question 26

The _________ provides the main social context in which adolescents interact with one another.

Answer 26

clique

Question 27

Three factors are important for determining clique membership: orientation toward _________, orientation toward the ___________ culture, and involvement in __________ activity.

Answer 27

school, teen, antisocial

Question 28

___________ is the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age.

Answer 28

age grading

Question 29

Adolescent peer groups based on friendships formed in school were not prevalent until well into the _________ century.

Answer 29

20th

Question 30

Approximately ____% of Americans are between the ages of 10 and 19 today, which impacts the allocation of government __________ and the size change impacts the __________ of cohort.

Answer 30

13, funds, behavior

Question 31

___________ in junior and senior high schools makes it unlikely that an individual will have friends who are substantially older or younger.

Answer 31

age grouping

Question 32

Age segregation in adolescents’ cliques appears to result mostly from the _________ of schools.

Answer 32

structure

Question 33

Adolescents’ online friends are ________ similar in age than the friends they make in school.

Answer 33

less

Question 34

Sex segregation begins in ___________ and continues through most of adolescence, __________ later.

Answer 34

childhood, weakening

Question 35

Sex segregation is partly due to early shared ___________ and _________, but can also result from concerns about behaving in __________ ways.

Answer 35

activities, interests, sex-appropriate

Question 36

Once ____________ becomes the norm, those lacking relationships with peers of the other sex are objects of strong suspicion and social rejection.

Answer 36

dating

Question 37

In ________ adolescence, activities revolve around same-sex cliques.

Answer 37

early

Question 38

In ________ adolescence, mixed-sex and mixed-age cliques become more prevalent.

Answer 38

middle

Question 39

As romantic interest builds, but before romantic relationships begins, boys’ and girls’ _______ come together.

Answer 39

cliques

Question 40

In ________ adolescence, peer crowds begin to disintegrate and couples begin to split off from larger group.

Answer 40

late

Question 41

Mott-Stefanidi et al. predicted that higher perceived __________ would predict decreases in host, and increases in ethnic acculturation.

Answer 41

ethnic discrimination