Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx (ENT 2) Flashcards by Srishti D

What forms the bridge of the nose?

Frontal bones articulating with nasal bones

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What closes the lateral part of the nasal cavity?

Frontal process of maxilla

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What is most of the nose made from?

Cartilaginous skeleton

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Where is the septal cartilage?

Through midline of nose

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What does the septal cartilage do?

Split nasal cavity into two halves

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Where are the lateral cartilages?

Articulate with nasal bones and septal cartilage

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Where are the alar cartilages?

Articulate with septal cartilage below

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When does the cartilage in the nose stop growing?

Grows throughout life

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What forms the superior boundary of the nasal cavity?

Frontal bone

Nasal bone

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What contributes to the lateral aspect of the external part of the nasal cavity?

Frontal process of maxilla

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What forms the hard palate?

Horizontal plate of maxilla

Horizontal plate of palatine bone

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What does the hard palate divide?

Nasal from oral cavity

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What forms most of the roof and superior and lateral parts of the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid bone

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How does the ethmoid bone project in the nasal cavity?

Laterally in both halves

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What does the ethmoid bone do in the midline of the nasal cavity?

Perpendicular plate projects down

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What forms the medial aspect of the nasal cavity?

Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Part of ethmoid bone, in particular perpendicular plate

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What forms the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity?

Sphenoid bone

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How does the septal cartilage close off the nasal septa?

Articulates with perpendicular plate of maxilla and vomer

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In which bone is the cribriform plate?

Ethmoid bone

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What is special about the cribriform plate?

Has little holes in it

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Where is the cribriform plate?

Anterior in midline

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What is the crista gali?

Superior process of ethmoid bone located anteriorly in midline, projecting up into anterior cranial fossa

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Which bone can a bad break of the nose impact?

Ethmoid bone

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What can a fracture of the ethmoid bone mean?

Especially around cribriform plate: damage meninges in anterior cranial fossa
Introduce pathway for
- Infection
- Bleeding into meninges
Rhinorrhoea

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What is rhinorrhoea?

Leakage of CSF out of subarachnoid space and into nose

What overlies the septum?

Flat sheet of mucosa

What type of mucosa lines the nasal cavity?

Mostly highly vascular mucous mmbrane | Vestibule lined with skin and hair

What is the hair in the vestibule important for?

Trap foreign particles

Where do nosebleeds often come from?

Damage to mucosa

What is the cell type of the mucosa of the nasal cavity?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

What is the role of the cilia in the mucosa?

Beat actively towards the front to move mucus from lower airways up and out

How much area does the respiratory area cover?

2/3 of nasal cavity

What covers the lateral wall?

Highly vascular mucosa

In which wall are the turbinates?

Lateral

What are the turbinates?

Bony processes which hang off wall like shelves

What are the turbinates called?

Conchae - Superior - Middle - Inferior

What is located deep to the conchae?

Openings

What is the function of the conchae?

Allow air to bounce in cavity to allow it to get to temperature and humidity close to body's

Which meatuses are related to the conchae?

Superior, middle, and inferior meatus related to respective conchae

What are the openings behind the conchae mostly for?

Paranasal sinuses

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Spaces in bone

How many paranasal sinuses are there?

Four groups

Where is the frontal sinus?

In frontal bone

Where are the ethmoid sinuses?

In lateral plate of ethmoid bone

Where is the sphenoid sinus?

Posteriorly in sphenoid bone

Where is the maxillary sinus?

Laterally in maxilla

Where do the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses sit in relation to the nasal cavity?

Superiorly

Why are infections more common in the maxillary sinus compared to the other sinuses?

Bacteria find it relatively difficult to migrate to the superior sinuses

How do you naturally drain an infection from the maxillary sinus?

Opening high up in medial wall | Have to stand on head

How can dentists damage the maxillary sinus?

Close to upper molars | If dentist fractures thin plate, can introduce route of infection into sinus

What is the sensory innervation for the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses?

CN V1

Where is pain referred to from the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses?

Skin of forehead

What is the sensory innervation for the maxillary sinus?

CN V2

Where is pain referred to from the maxillary sinus?

Skin of cheeks

Which meatus does the frontal sinus open into?

Middle meatus at anterior end of hiatus semilunaris

What is the hiatus semilunaris?

Crescent shaped groove in middle meatus

Which meatus does the maxillary sinus open into?

Middle meatus at posterior end of hiatus semilunaris

Which meatus do the middle ethmoid sinuses open into?

Middle meatus

Which meatus do the posterior ethmoid sinuses open into?

Superior meatus

Where does the sphenoid sinus open into?

Back of roof of nasal cavity just behind superior concha

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

Inferior meatus

What does the nasolacrimal duct communicate between?

Lacrimal sac on medial aspect of orbit to nasal cavity

Why do you get a runny nose when you cry?

Excess tears run into nasolacrimal duct and spill into inferior meatus

How is the nasal cavity divided in terms of blood supply?

Lateral and medial walls each divided into quadrants

What is the blood supply of the posterior quadrant of the medial and lateral walls?

Sphenopalatine artery

What is the sphenopalatine artery a branch of?

External carotid artery

What is the blood supply of the superior quadrant of the medial and lateral walls?

Ethmoidal arteries

What is the blood supply of the inferior quadrant of the medial and lateral walls?

Greater palatine artery

How does the greater palatine artery enter the nasal cavity?

Through hole in hard palate

What is the blood supply of the anterior quadrant of the lateral wall?

Branches of facial artery

What is the blood supply of the anterior quadrant of the medial wall?

Labial arteries

What is the innervation of the superior half of the nasal cavity?

Branches of CN V1

What is the innervation of the inferior half of the nasal cavity?

Branches of CN V2

What is the nasopharynx?

Part of pharynx behind nasal cavity

Where does the pharynx start and end?

Start: base of skull End: Lower border of cricoid cartilage at C6

What forms the pharynx posteriorly?

Sling of muscle that closes off back of pharynx

What are the muscles closing the pharynx posteriorly?

Constrictor muscles - Superior - Middle - Inferior

What are the attachments of the constrictor muscles?

On lateral surface of oral cavity, and larynx

In which direction do the constrictor muscles project?

Posteriorly

Where do the constrictor muscles meet?

In midline

What joins the constrictor muscles in the midline?

Median raphe

Where does the superior constrictor attach?

Oral cavity

What does the superior constrictor do?

Close off most of naso- and oropharyx

Where does the middle constrictor attach?

Hyoid bone

What does the middle constrictor do?

Close off some of oro- and laryngopharynx

Where does the inferior constrictor attach?

Thyroid and cricoid cartilage

What does the inferior constrictor do?

Close off laryngopharynx

What closes off some of the spaces between the constrictor muscles?

Fascia deep to muscle

What is the roof of the nasopharynx?

Sphenoid bone

What is the floor of the nasopharynx?

Largely soft palate

What is the posterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

Superior constrictor

Between what do the two spaces in the nasopharynx communicate?

From nasal cavity to nasopharynx | From naso- to oropharynx

Where does the auditory tube open?

In lateral wall of nasopharynx

What does the auditory tube communicate betwee?

Tympanic membrane of auditory canal and nasopharynx

What is the auditory tube important for?

Equalising pressure on either side of tympanic membrane

What happens when mucus blocks or pushes into the auditory tube?

Prevents equalisation

Where are the adenoid/pharyngeal tonsils?

In roof of nasopharynx

What happens when the adenoid tonsils become chronically inflamed?

Obstruct breathing

What does an obstruction in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses do to your voice?

Resonance chambers, so changes quality of voice

What is the salpingopharyngeus muscle associated with?

Soft palate

Where does the salpingopharyngeus muscle attach?

Cartilaginous auditory tube | Pharynx

What does the salpingopharyngeus muscle do?

Pulls on opening into nasopharynx | Allows equalisation of middle ear