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MD1 Neuroscience > Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx (ENT 2) > Flashcards

Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx (ENT 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the bridge of the nose?

A

Frontal bones articulating with nasal bones

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2
Q

What closes the lateral part of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal process of maxilla

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3
Q

What is most of the nose made from?

A

Cartilaginous skeleton

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4
Q

Where is the septal cartilage?

A

Through midline of nose

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5
Q

What does the septal cartilage do?

A

Split nasal cavity into two halves

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6
Q

Where are the lateral cartilages?

A

Articulate with nasal bones and septal cartilage

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7
Q

Where are the alar cartilages?

A

Articulate with septal cartilage below

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8
Q

When does the cartilage in the nose stop growing?

A

Grows throughout life

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9
Q

What forms the superior boundary of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal bone

Nasal bone

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10
Q

What contributes to the lateral aspect of the external part of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal process of maxilla

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11
Q

What forms the hard palate?

A

Horizontal plate of maxilla

Horizontal plate of palatine bone

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12
Q

What does the hard palate divide?

A

Nasal from oral cavity

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13
Q

What forms most of the roof and superior and lateral parts of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone

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14
Q

How does the ethmoid bone project in the nasal cavity?

A

Laterally in both halves

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15
Q

What does the ethmoid bone do in the midline of the nasal cavity?

A

Perpendicular plate projects down

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16
Q

What forms the medial aspect of the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Part of ethmoid bone, in particular perpendicular plate

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17
Q

What forms the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity?

A

Sphenoid bone

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18
Q

How does the septal cartilage close off the nasal septa?

A

Articulates with perpendicular plate of maxilla and vomer

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19
Q

In which bone is the cribriform plate?

A

Ethmoid bone

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20
Q

What is special about the cribriform plate?

A

Has little holes in it

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21
Q

Where is the cribriform plate?

A

Anterior in midline

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22
Q

What is the crista gali?

A

Superior process of ethmoid bone located anteriorly in midline, projecting up into anterior cranial fossa

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23
Q

Which bone can a bad break of the nose impact?

A

Ethmoid bone

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24
Q

What can a fracture of the ethmoid bone mean?

A 
Especially around cribriform plate: damage meninges in anterior cranial fossa
Introduce pathway for
- Infection
- Bleeding into meninges
Rhinorrhoea
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25
Q

What is rhinorrhoea?

A

Leakage of CSF out of subarachnoid space and into nose

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26
Q

What overlies the septum?

A

Flat sheet of mucosa

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27
Q

What type of mucosa lines the nasal cavity?

A

Mostly highly vascular mucous mmbrane

Vestibule lined with skin and hair

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28
Q

What is the hair in the vestibule important for?

A

Trap foreign particles

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29
Q

Where do nosebleeds often come from?

A

Damage to mucosa

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30
Q

What is the cell type of the mucosa of the nasal cavity?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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31
Q

What is the role of the cilia in the mucosa?

A

Beat actively towards the front to move mucus from lower airways up and out

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32
Q

How much area does the respiratory area cover?

A

2/3 of nasal cavity

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33
Q

What covers the lateral wall?

A

Highly vascular mucosa

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34
Q

In which wall are the turbinates?

A

Lateral

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35
Q

What are the turbinates?

A

Bony processes which hang off wall like shelves

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36
Q

What are the turbinates called?

A

Conchae

  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
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37
Q

What is located deep to the conchae?

A

Openings

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38
Q

What is the function of the conchae?

A

Allow air to bounce in cavity to allow it to get to temperature and humidity close to body’s

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39
Q

Which meatuses are related to the conchae?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior meatus related to respective conchae

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40
Q

What are the openings behind the conchae mostly for?

A

Paranasal sinuses

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41
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Spaces in bone

42
Q

How many paranasal sinuses are there?

A

Four groups

43
Q

Where is the frontal sinus?

A

In frontal bone

44
Q

Where are the ethmoid sinuses?

A

In lateral plate of ethmoid bone

45
Q

Where is the sphenoid sinus?

A

Posteriorly in sphenoid bone

46
Q

Where is the maxillary sinus?

A

Laterally in maxilla

47
Q

Where do the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses sit in relation to the nasal cavity?

A

Superiorly

48
Q

Why are infections more common in the maxillary sinus compared to the other sinuses?

A

Bacteria find it relatively difficult to migrate to the superior sinuses

49
Q

How do you naturally drain an infection from the maxillary sinus?

A

Opening high up in medial wall

Have to stand on head

50
Q

How can dentists damage the maxillary sinus?

A

Close to upper molars

If dentist fractures thin plate, can introduce route of infection into sinus

51
Q

What is the sensory innervation for the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses?

52
Q

Where is pain referred to from the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses?

A

Skin of forehead

53
Q

What is the sensory innervation for the maxillary sinus?

54
Q

Where is pain referred to from the maxillary sinus?

A

Skin of cheeks

55
Q

Which meatus does the frontal sinus open into?

A

Middle meatus at anterior end of hiatus semilunaris

56
Q

What is the hiatus semilunaris?

A

Crescent shaped groove in middle meatus

57
Q

Which meatus does the maxillary sinus open into?

A

Middle meatus at posterior end of hiatus semilunaris

58
Q

Which meatus do the middle ethmoid sinuses open into?

A

Middle meatus

59
Q

Which meatus do the posterior ethmoid sinuses open into?

A

Superior meatus

60
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus open into?

A

Back of roof of nasal cavity just behind superior concha

61
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

A

Inferior meatus

62
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct communicate between?

A

Lacrimal sac on medial aspect of orbit to nasal cavity

63
Q

Why do you get a runny nose when you cry?

A

Excess tears run into nasolacrimal duct and spill into inferior meatus

64
Q

How is the nasal cavity divided in terms of blood supply?

A

Lateral and medial walls each divided into quadrants

65
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior quadrant of the medial and lateral walls?

A

Sphenopalatine artery

66
Q

What is the sphenopalatine artery a branch of?

A

External carotid artery

67
Q

What is the blood supply of the superior quadrant of the medial and lateral walls?

A

Ethmoidal arteries

68
Q

What is the blood supply of the inferior quadrant of the medial and lateral walls?

A

Greater palatine artery

69
Q

How does the greater palatine artery enter the nasal cavity?

A

Through hole in hard palate

70
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior quadrant of the lateral wall?

A

Branches of facial artery

71
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior quadrant of the medial wall?

A

Labial arteries

72
Q

What is the innervation of the superior half of the nasal cavity?

A

Branches of CN V1

73
Q

What is the innervation of the inferior half of the nasal cavity?

A

Branches of CN V2

74
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

Part of pharynx behind nasal cavity

75
Q

Where does the pharynx start and end?

A

Start: base of skull
End: Lower border of cricoid cartilage at C6

76
Q

What forms the pharynx posteriorly?

A

Sling of muscle that closes off back of pharynx

77
Q

What are the muscles closing the pharynx posteriorly?

A

Constrictor muscles

  • Superior
  • Middle
  • Inferior
78
Q

What are the attachments of the constrictor muscles?

A

On lateral surface of oral cavity, and larynx

79
Q

In which direction do the constrictor muscles project?

A

Posteriorly

80
Q

Where do the constrictor muscles meet?

A

In midline

81
Q

What joins the constrictor muscles in the midline?

A

Median raphe

82
Q

Where does the superior constrictor attach?

A

Oral cavity

83
Q

What does the superior constrictor do?

A

Close off most of naso- and oropharyx

84
Q

Where does the middle constrictor attach?

A

Hyoid bone

85
Q

What does the middle constrictor do?

A

Close off some of oro- and laryngopharynx

86
Q

Where does the inferior constrictor attach?

A

Thyroid and cricoid cartilage

87
Q

What does the inferior constrictor do?

A

Close off laryngopharynx

88
Q

What closes off some of the spaces between the constrictor muscles?

A

Fascia deep to muscle

89
Q

What is the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

Sphenoid bone

90
Q

What is the floor of the nasopharynx?

A

Largely soft palate

91
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

A

Superior constrictor

92
Q

Between what do the two spaces in the nasopharynx communicate?

A

From nasal cavity to nasopharynx

From naso- to oropharynx

93
Q

Where does the auditory tube open?

A

In lateral wall of nasopharynx

94
Q

What does the auditory tube communicate betwee?

A

Tympanic membrane of auditory canal and nasopharynx

95
Q

What is the auditory tube important for?

A

Equalising pressure on either side of tympanic membrane

96
Q

What happens when mucus blocks or pushes into the auditory tube?

A

Prevents equalisation

97
Q

Where are the adenoid/pharyngeal tonsils?

A

In roof of nasopharynx

98
Q

What happens when the adenoid tonsils become chronically inflamed?

A

Obstruct breathing

99
Q

What does an obstruction in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses do to your voice?

A

Resonance chambers, so changes quality of voice

100
Q

What is the salpingopharyngeus muscle associated with?

A

Soft palate

101
Q

Where does the salpingopharyngeus muscle attach?

A

Cartilaginous auditory tube

Pharynx

102
Q

What does the salpingopharyngeus muscle do?

A

Pulls on opening into nasopharynx

Allows equalisation of middle ear

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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