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MD1 Neuroscience > Disorders of Language > Flashcards

Disorders of Language Flashcards

1
Q

Define aphasia?

A

Disturbance in language as result of brain damage

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2
Q

What is the difference between language and speech disorders?

A

Speech disorders happen because of sensory and/or motor problems

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3
Q

What are some causes of acute onset aphasia?

A

Strok
Penetrating head injury
Surgical resection

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4
Q

What are some causes of insidious onset aphasia?

A

Dementia

Neoplastic change

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5
Q

What is the time course of insidious onset aphasias?

A

Progressive

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6
Q

What are some causes of paroxysmal aphasia?

A

Focal seizure if activity spreads to language cortices

Migraine

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7
Q

What is the time course of paroxysmal aphasias?

A

Episodic

Present same way each time

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8
Q

What are the corresponding Broddman’s areas of Broca’s area?

A

44 and 45

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9
Q

What is the hemispheric dominance in terms of language?

A

Right hemisphere for visuospatial function

Left hemisphere for language

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10
Q

What proportion of right and left handers have left lateralised language?

A

95% of right handers

70% of left handers

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11
Q

What might be the role of the right hemisphere in language?

A

Non-propositional speech
Prosody
Paralinguistic aspects

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12
Q

What are the divisions of the middle cerebral artery?

A

Superior

Inferior

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13
Q

What does the superior division of the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Sensorimotor cortex

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

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14
Q

What does the inferior division of the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Temperoparietal cortex

Visual tracts

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15
Q

What is the clinical significance of the relationship between which branch of the middle cerebral artery is affected and language?

A

Language disturbances depend on which branch is affected

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16
Q

Define language production

A

Producing appropriate output sequences

17
Q

Define language selection

A

Choosing appropriate content

18
Q

What part of language is affected in non-fluent language disorders?

A

Production

19
Q

What part of language is affected in fluent language disorders?

A

Selection

20
Q

Describe non-fluent aphasias

A

Anterior lesion
Loss of grammatical (sequential) structure
Intact selection of content
Eg: Broca’s aphasia

21
Q

Describe fluent aphasias

A

Posterior lesion
Impaired selection of content
Intact grammatical (sequential) structure
Eg: Wernicke’s aphasia

22
Q

Which division of the middle cerebral artery is affected in Broca’s aphasia?

A

Affects Broca’s area > superior division

23
Q

Which division of the middle cerebral artery is affected in Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Affects Wernicke’s area > inferior division

24
Q

What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus?

A

Join’s Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

Joins Wernicke’s area to premotor cortex

25
Q

What does the dorsal language stream map?

A

Sound

26
Q

What does the ventral language stream map?

A

Sound to meaning

27
Q

What does damage to white matter tracts involved in the language system produce?

A

Very specific language disorders

Shows importance of systems rather than isolated areas

28
Q

Describe Wernicke’s aphasia

A 
Fluent jargonistic language output
- Neologisms
- Paraphasic errors - phonemic and semantic
Impaired comprehension
Right quadrantanopsia
No motor weakness
Affects written language too
Often don't know that they don't make sense
29
Q

What does an exam of language measure?

A

Output
Comprehension: easy > hard
Ability to follow instructions
Repetition

30
Q

Describe Broca’s aphasia

A

Non-fluent, highly effortful language output
Telegrammatic
Preserved comprehension
Right face and arm weakness
Written language a little better than with Wernicke’s area
Usually good insight into their issues

31
Q

Describe conduction aphasia

A

Fluent aphasia, but more meaningful than Wernicke’s
Relatively intact basic auditory comprehension
Poor repetition of words

32
Q

Describe transcortical motor aphasia

A

Non-fluent aphasia
Muteness at most severe - lack motivation and effort to talk
Repetition preserved

33
Q

What does ipsilateral versus contralateral transfer after recovery depend on?

A

Many factors, including

  • Age
  • Stage of recovery
  • Size and location of lesion
34
Q

On what side will recovery happen if you are young?

A

Younger the person, more likely of contralateral functional switch

35
Q

Describe the way the roles of the two hemispheres change over time in adults, post-stroke

A 
Controls
- Left = a lot of activity
- Right = a little activity
Acute
- Left = very little activity
- Right = no activity
Subacute
- Left = a lot of activity
- Right = a lot of activity > maybe to support other hemisphere
Chronic
- Left = a lot of activity
- Right = moderate activity
36
Q

What is the relationship between the size of the lesion and which side recovery happens on?

A

Larger lesions may mean more contralateral reorganisation

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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