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MD1 Neuroscience > Introduction to Functional Organisation of the CNS > Flashcards

Introduction to Functional Organisation of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Retina

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2
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Nerves

Ganglia

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3
Q

Where does the long axis of the CNS bend?

A

Cephalic flexure

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4
Q

What is the basic structure of the brain?

A 
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Spinal cord
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
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5
Q

How many nuclei make up the basal ganglia?

A

5

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6
Q

What do the basal ganglia do?

A

Control motion and movement

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7
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Regulate emotion

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8
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Cell bodies of CNS

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9
Q

Where is grey matter in the brain?

A

Edge of cerebrum

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10
Q

How thick is grey matter in the brain?

A

0.5 cm

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11
Q

What is white matter?

A

Axons

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12
Q

What are axons?

A

Long processes from neurons

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13
Q

What is myelin?

A

Insulating sheath around axons to allow transmission of information over long distances rapidly

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14
Q

What is a T1 MRI image similar to?

A

Anatomical picture - white matter is white

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15
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres

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16
Q

What divides the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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17
Q

What is a ridge called?

A

Gyrus; pl: gyri

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18
Q

What is a groove called?

A

Sulcus; pl: sulci

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19
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

A 
Thing that makes us, us
Language
Emotions
Self-awareness
Behaviour
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20
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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21
Q

How are the four lobes divided?

A

Broadly separated by specific structural locations

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22
Q

What is the functional significance of the cerebral lobes?

A

Limited

Have broad functional differences - not specific

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23
Q

What does the frontal lobe broadly control?

A

Motor control

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24
Q

What does the parietal lobe broadly control?

A

Sensory control

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25
Q

What divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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26
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus?

A

In frontal lobe anterior to central sulcus

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27
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus?

A

In parietal lobe posterior to central sulcus

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28
Q

What are Brodmann areas based on?

A

Cellular differences

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29
Q

Do Brodmann areas have any significance?

A

Yes, they have some significance

Most advanced method of labelling brain

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30
Q

What do PET scans identify?

A

Areas that are metabolically active with certain stimuli

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31
Q

Which lobe is active when hearing words?

A

Temporal lobe

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32
Q

Which lobe is active when seeing words?

A

Occipital lobe

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33
Q

Which lobes are active when speaking words?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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34
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Compares what you want to do with what you are doing

Refines motor program

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35
Q

How can you test cerebellar function?

A

Touch nose with finger

If there’s a problem, person can’t touch nose because muscle movements aren’t corrected

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36
Q

What proportion of the neurons of the brain does the cerebellum have?

A

Half

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37
Q

What are the basal ganglia involved in?

A

Motor control

38
Q

What do the basal ganglia do?

A

Select and initiate voluntary movement

39
Q

Which part of the brain do the basal ganglia connect to and work with?

A

Cortex

40
Q

What are two diseases involving basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease

Huntington’s disease

41
Q

What are the five nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra
42
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate

Putamen

43
Q

Where are the basal ganglia located?

A

Close to midline

44
Q

Where is the substantia nigra located?

A

Brain stem

45
Q

Where is the thalamus?

A

In diencephalon

46
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

A wall in the middle of the brain

47
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

Sensory relay to cortex

48
Q

What type of input is sensory input?

A

Afferent

49
Q

What is the thalamus made up of?

A

Many nuclei

50
Q

What is the broad role of thalamic nuclei?

A

Integrate info

51
Q

What three ways do thalamic nuclei project?

A 
Relay sensory information
Relay non-sensory information from cortex and basal ganglia to specific areas
Project globally to cortex
- Controls arousal and sleep
- Secondary role
52
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Floor of diencephalon

In middle of brain near midline

53
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulate homeostasis

54
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A 
Blood pressure and electrolyte levels
Temperature
Reproduction
Energy metabolism
Stress responses
55
Q

What does the brain stem control?

A

Unconscious survival functions

  • HR
  • Breathing
  • Complex reflexes
    • Sneezing
    • Coughing
56
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Sensory and motor control to face and deeper structures

57
Q

What part of the brain does the spinal cord continue on from?

A

Medulla in brain stem

58
Q

What encloses the spinal cord?

A

Vertebrae

59
Q

Where is the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Core

60
Q

What is the spinal cord grey matter divided into?

A

Dorsal horns
Ventral horns
Intermediate zone

61
Q

What is the spinal cord white matter divided into?

A

Dorsal columns
Ventral columns
Lateral columns

62
Q

What information does the dorsal part of the spinal cord carry?

A

Sensory

63
Q

What information does the ventral part of the spinal cord carry?

A

Motor

64
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Around L1/L2

65
Q

T/F: Each vertebra has corresponding spinal segment

A

True

66
Q

How many nerves does each spinal segment give rise to?

A

Two

67
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

Continues on from spinal cord

Individual strands of lumbar nerves

68
Q

What forms a spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal root

Ventral root

69
Q

What information does the dorsal root carry?

A

Sensory

70
Q

What information does the ventral root carry?

A

Motor

71
Q

What is in a dorsal root ganglion?

A

Neuronal somata

72
Q

What type of nerve is a spinal nerve, in terms of information?

A

Mixed

73
Q

What type of nerve are most peripheral nerves?

A

Mixed

74
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Region of body innervated by bilateral pair of dorsal root ganglia

75
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

Hollow centre of brain forming ventricles

76
Q

What does the brain sit in?

A

Fluid

77
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

Ventricles

78
Q

What are the names of the ventricles?

A 
Lateral ventricle
- Largest
- Close to midline
Third ventricle
- Near diencephalon
Fourth ventricle
- Near cerebellum
79
Q

What makes CSF?

A

Vascular choroid plexus

80
Q

What is CSF?

A

Ultrafiltrate plasma
No cells
Little protein

81
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Specialised epithelial cells

82
Q

Where is the choroid plexus?

A

In ventricles

83
Q

Where does CSF flow out of the ventricles?

A

At fourth ventricle

84
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

Nourishes brain

Protects brain from movement

85
Q

What protects the brain?

A

Skull

Meninges

86
Q

What are the three layers of meninges, from out to in?

A 
Dura
- Thickest
Arachnoid
- Fibrous
Pia
- Thinnest
87
Q

Where is CSF absorbed into the venous system?

A

Arachnoid mater

88
Q

What protects the ECF in the brain?

A

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

89
Q

What is the BBB dependent on?

A

Tight junctions between endothelial cells in capillaries

90
Q

What kind of transport is most common across the BBB?

A

Active transport

91
Q

What happens when the BBB breaks down?

A

Neuron death

Immune cells of CNS enter body > wreak havoc

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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