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MD1 Neuroscience > Circulation of CNS > Flashcards

Circulation of CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the CNS need efficient delivery of nutrients and removal of metabolic byproducts?

A

High metabolic requirements

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2
Q

What is the percentage of cardiac output that’s needed by the CNS?

A

10-20%

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3
Q

What does autoregulation of cerebral blood flow do?

A

Maintain adequate perfusion when arterial BP changes or if blood gases change

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4
Q

Which area of the brain has more blood vessels: cortex or white matter?

A

Cortex

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5
Q

What does the circle of Willis do?

A

Provide arterial supply to brain

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6
Q

What two systems form the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebro-basilar

Internal carotid

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7
Q

What does the circle of Willis allow if one of the blood vessels becomes blocked?

A

Blood to reach brain still

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8
Q

Where is the circle of Willis?

A

Around optic chiasm and hypothalamus

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9
Q

In which direction do the internal carotid arteries more?

A

Laterally

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10
Q

In which direction do the vertebro-basilar arteries move?

A

Over brainstem

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11
Q

What forms the vertebro-basilar system?

A

Two vertebral arteries join to form basilar artery medially

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12
Q

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

Through what does the internal carotid enter the skull?

A

Carotid canal in base of skull

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14
Q

Which artery is the vertebral artery a branch of?

A

Subclavian

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15
Q

How does the vertebral artery travel up the spine?

A

Through transverse foramina

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16
Q

What brain structure does the vertebral artery associate with before joining the circle of Willis?

A

Brainstem

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17
Q

Which system forms the posterior circulation of the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebro-basilar system

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18
Q

Which system forms the anterior circulation of the circle of Willis?

A

Internal carotid

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19
Q

What are the main arteries supplying the cerebrum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

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20
Q

How is the loop in the circle of Willis closed?

A

Via communicating arteries

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21
Q

What gives off the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Internal carotid artery

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22
Q

In which direction does the anterior cerebral artery run?

A

Anteriorly and medially

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23
Q

What joins the two anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior communicating artery

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24
Q

What is the posterior cerebral artery a branch of?

A

Basilar artery

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25
Q

What does the posterior communicating artery join?

A

Posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries

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26
Q

What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial part of
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
Up to parieto-occipital sulcus

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27
Q

What functional territories are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Motor and sensory cortices for lower limb

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28
Q

In what structure does the anterior cerebral artery run?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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29
Q

What is the relationship between the anterior cerebral artery and corpus callosum?

A

Hooks around front of corpus callosum > arches over

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30
Q

What clinical signs do you see with a cerebrovascular event in an anterior cerebral artery?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis with spastic paralysis of lower limb
Contralateral hemianaesthesia of lower limb

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31
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral surface of brain including parts of
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Superior and lateral parts of temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
Insula

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32
Q

What are the functional territories supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

A

Motor and sensory cortices for body except lower limb
Parieto-occipital association areas
Language areas

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33
Q

What is the middle cerebral artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid artery

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34
Q

In which direction does the middle cerebral artery run?

A

Directly laterally

35
Q

In which structure does the middle cerebral artery run?

A

In lateral fissure between temporal lobe, and frontal and parietal lobes

36
Q

Where does the middle cerebral artery externalise in the brain?

A

On lateral surface of cerebrum

37
Q

What clinical signs do you see with a cerebrovascular accident in a middle cerebral artery?

A

Contralateral hemiparesis associated with upper limb and face
Contralateral hemianaesthesia associated with upper limb and face
If on language dominant side, aphasia

38
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Medial and inferior surfaces of

  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
39
Q

What functional territories does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

Visual cortex

40
Q

Where does the posterior cerebral artery come off the basilar artery?

A

At level of medulla

41
Q

In which direction does the posterior cerebral artery move?

A

Laterally and posteriorly

42
Q

What clinical signs do you see with a cerebrovascular event in a posterior cerebral artery?

A

Loss of vision in contralateral visual field

43
Q

What is homonymous hemianopia?

A

Loss of vision in visual field of one side

44
Q

What is the role of the small perforating branches?

A

Supply deep structures where they com off main arteries

45
Q

What does the anterior group of small perforating branches come off?

A

Anterior communicating artery

46
Q

What does the anterior group of small perforating branches supply?

A

Optic chiasm

Anterior parts of hypothalamus

47
Q

What does the posterior group of small perforating branches come off?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

48
Q

What does the posterior group of small perforating branches supply?

A

Ventral parts of midbrain
Posterior parts of hypothalamus
Thalamus

49
Q

What do the pontine branches come off?

A

Basilar artery before it terminates

50
Q

What do the pontine branches supply?

A

Pons

51
Q

What does the lateral group of small perforating branches come off?

A

Middle cerebral artery as it projects laterally

52
Q

What does the lateral group of small perforating branches supply?

A

Basal ganglia

Internal capsule

53
Q

What else is the lateral group of small perforating branches called?

A

Lenticulostriate arteries

54
Q

Which artery is the ophthalmic artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid artery

55
Q

Where does the ophthalmic artery branch from the internal carotid?

A

Just before anterior and middle cerebral arteries

56
Q

What structure does the ophthalmic artery enter?

A

Orbit

57
Q

What does the ophthalmic artery supply?

A

Eye, including retina
Top of nasal cavity
Frontal scalp

58
Q

Which artery is the anterior choroid artery a branch of?

A

Internal carotid artery

59
Q

What structure does the anterior choroid artery follow?

A

Lateral ventricle all the way around - forms C shaped hook

60
Q

What structures does the anterior choroid artery supply?

A

Structures in deep lateral hemispheres

  • Optic tract
  • Lateral ventricles
  • Hippocampus
61
Q

What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery branch off?

A

Vertebral artery

62
Q

What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Posterior part of inferior surface of cerebellum

63
Q

What are the branches of the basilar artery, in order?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Superior cerebellar artery
Posterior cerebral artery

64
Q

What does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Anterior part of inferior cerebellum

65
Q

What does the superior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Superior cerebellum

66
Q

In which direction do cerebellar arteries project?

A

Posteriorly

67
Q

What are the spinal arteries?

A

One anterior spinal artery

Two posterior spinal arteries

68
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery run?

A

In ventral longitudinal fissure in spinal cord

69
Q

How is the anterior spinal artery formed?

A

One branch from each vertebral artery meet

70
Q

What do branches from the superior cerebellar artery supply?

A

Posterior part of midbrain, in particular colliculi

71
Q

Where does most of the midbrain that is not supplied by branches of the superior cerebellar artery get its blood supply from?

A

Some posterior perforating branches of posterior cerebral artery

72
Q

Where does the medulla get its blood supply from?

A

Medially from anterior spinal artery
Posterolaterally from posterior inferior cerebellar artery
In between where olives are from vertebral artery

73
Q

What is the medial medullary syndrome?

A

Group of signs associated with cerebrovascular accident of anterior spinal artery

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of medial medullary syndrome?

A 
Pyramids
- Contralateral hemiparesis
- UMN signs
   - Spastic paralysis
   - Hyper-reflexia
Medial lemniscus
- Contralateral hemianaesthesia
Hypoglossal nucleus
- Ipsilateral paralysis
- Ipsilateral atrophy of some tongue muscles
75
Q

What is the lateral medullary syndrome?

A

Group of signs associated with cerebrovascular accident of posterior inferior cerebellar artery

76
Q

What is the origin of the posterior spinal arteries?

A

Vertebral arteries

77
Q

Where do the posterior spinal arteries run?

A

Posterolateral aspect of spinal cord

78
Q

What reinforces the spinal arteries?

A

Radicular arteries

79
Q

What is the origin of radicular arteries?

A

Branches of some of segmental arteries of aorta

80
Q

What forms the anastomosis between the anterior and posterior spinal arteries?

A

Circumferential branches

81
Q

Where do the cerebral veins run?

A

In subarachnoid space

82
Q

What do the cerebral veins drain into?

A

Venous sinuses

83
Q

Where do the venous sinuses drain to?

A

Jugular venous system

84
Q

Between which layers of the meninges are the venous sinuses located?

A

Two layers of dura

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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