Learning and Memory

Question 1

By when do we have most of our brain cells?

Answer 1

By birth

Question 2

What happens in brain development between the ages of 0 and 3?

Answer 2

Synaptogenesis

Question 3

What happens in brain development after the age of 3?

Answer 3

Synaptic pruning

Question 4

What was patient HM unable to do?

Answer 4

Convert short-term memories to long-term memories

Question 5

In what part of the brain did HM have a lesion?

Answer 5

Bilateral medial temporal lobe

Question 6

Are memories encoded in just one area of the brain?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

What part of the brain encodes declarative memories?

Answer 7

Hippocampus
Medial temporal lobe
Diencephalon

Question 8

What part of the brain encodes skills and habits?

Answer 8

Striatum
Motor cortex
Cerebellum

Question 9

What part of the brain encodes emotional responses?

Answer 9

Amygdala

Question 10

What part of the brain encodes skeletal musculature from basic associative learning?

Answer 10

Cerebellum

Question 11

What encodes non-associative learning?

Answer 11

Reflex pathways

Question 12

Where are memories stored?

Answer 12

Hippocampus

Question 13

What improves learning and memory in mice with brain damage?

Answer 13

Enriched environments > increased neuronal plasticity

Question 14

How does neuronal plasticity change with age?

Answer 14

Decreases

Question 15

How is short-term memory stored?

Answer 15

Insertion of AMPA receptors
Phosphorylation of receptors
Enhanced pre-synaptic release via retrograde signalling

Question 16

How is long-term memory stored?

Answer 16

Protein synthesis

Structural changes

Question 17

What does exercising the brain do?

Answer 17

Release of growth factors
Generation of new neurons
Improvements in mood and memory

Question 18

What does exercise do to the brain?

Answer 18

Increases blood flow

Elevates mood

Question 19

How does early physical exercise improve stroke outcome?

Answer 19

Very early rehab (